Nitration is an example of an electrophile aromatic substitution reaction‚ where nitro (NO2) group is being substituted for a hydrogen on an aromatic compound. This is achieved by the formation of the nitronium ion by protonation of nitric acid from sulfuric acid. The zirconium ion is a strong electrophile and can react with aromatic compound such as Methyl benzoate to form an arenium ion intermediate. The arenium ion is then depronated to reform the aromatic ring and yield the final product with the
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1.4 Methods of Extraction of Essential Oils Following are the methods used to extract essential oils from aromatic and medicinal plants: • Hydrodistillation: For the isolation of essential oils by Hydrodistillation‚ the aromatic plant substances are packed in a still and a sufficient amount of water is added and brought near to a boil. Due to the influential effect of hot water and steam‚ the essential oil is unbounded from the oil glands present in the plant tissue. The combination of water
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halogen group is targeted. Enzymes like oxygenases play a major role. The bonds like ester-‚ amide-‚ or ether bonds present in the compounds are first attacked leading to breaking down of compounds. In some cases the aliphatic chains and in aromatic compounds the aromatic components may be targeted. The site and mode of attack depends on the action of enzyme‚ its concentration and the favourable
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simplest organic compounds and are a family of chain hydrocarbons having the general formula C2H2n+2. All of the bonds are single bonds (-C-H-‚ and -C-C-). The chains can be straight or branched. The smaller members (less than 4 carbons) are gases‚ while larger ones (five to seventeen carbons) are liquids. Beyond seventeen carbons the alkanes are waxy solids. Structure: The simplest saturated acyclic hydrocarbon is methane‚ CH4. The other hydrocarbons belonging to this class can be taken as descendents
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b-CD) cavity protons as well as roxatidine acetate hydrochloride aromatic ring protons revealed the formation of a RAH–b-CD inclusion complex. Detailed FTIR and NMR spectroscopic (1H NMR‚ COSY‚ NOESY‚ ROESY) studies have been done. The stoichiometry of the complex was determined to be 1:1‚ and the overall binding constant was also determined by Scott’s method. The NOESY spectrum confirmed the selective penetration of the aromatic ring of RAH into the b-CD cavity in comparison to that of the piperidine
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Pharmacophore development for identification of anti-lung cancer drugs Pharmacophore development for identification of anti-lung cancer drugs Sadia Abbasi a‚*‚ Shanila Emmanuel a‚ Muhammad Haseeba‚ Aftab Khalil a‚ Saima Kulsoom b‚ Hamid Rashid a‚ Raisa Bano a a b Department of Bioinformatics‚ Mohammad Ali Jinnah University‚ Islamabad‚ Pakistan Department of Chemistry‚ Quiad-e-Azam University‚ Pakistan Lung cancer is one particular type of cancer that is more deadly and common than
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each of the following molecules: O C NH2 H N O C OH H C CH2 (a) (b) O (c) Solutions: a. b. c. d. Amide‚ double bond Amine‚ carboxylic acid Double bond‚ ketone‚ ester O OCH3 (d) CH2OH Aromatic ring‚ double bond‚ alcohol (a) Alcohol (d) Amine (b) Aromatic ring (e) both ketone and amine (c) Carboxylic acid (f) two double bonds 3.2 Propose structures for simple molecules that contain the following functional groups: Solutions: (a). H 3C CH3 OH (b). O (c)
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Name: Professor`s name: Course number: Date: Metabolic Pathways of Drugs The principal site for drug metabolism in the human body is the liver organ. The process of metabolism usually inactivates drugs though some drug metabolites are pharmacologically in active status. Inactive substance which has a metabolite that is active is referred to as a prodrug. Drugs are metabolized
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Separation techniques LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY ‘THE ART OF SEPARATION’ CHROMATOGRAPHY – AN INTRODUCTION Chromatography is a technique through which a mixture of chemical components are separated‚ identified and determined accurately. This technique while provides a way for analytical separations‚ also useful for preparative techniques by which pure compounds can be obtained. Detector Signal Blue Compound Sample Injection + Mobile Phase Retention Time Red Compound It is i defined d fi d as a
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Reactions of some Hydrocarbons Equipment Required: -4 Test tubes -Dropper - Cyclohexane (C6H12) (3ml) - Cyclohexene (C6H10) (3ml) - Toluene (CH3C6H5) (3ml) - Potassium Permanganate solution (KMnO4) .01 mol L-1 (4ml) - Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4) 2mol L-1 (2ml) - Bromine Water (Br2) (5ml) Procedure: Reaction of hydrocarbons with acidified permanganate: 1) Into three separate‚ labeled test tubes place 1 ml of cyclohexane‚ cyclohexene and toluene respectively. 2) In a separate test
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