Exam 3 Review Sheet Genetics terms: phenotype‚ genotype‚ allele‚ dominant‚ recessive‚ homozygous‚ heterozygous‚ multiple alleles‚ codominance Phenotype: physical appearance Genotype: genetic composition Allele: alternate form of a gene Dominant: trait that will be expressed Recessive: trait that will be masked by dominant trait Homozygous: both alleles are the same Heterozygous: the alleles are different Multiple Alleles: Codominance: Sex determination – all possibilities Xyy: Xxy
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Self-renewal and differentiation are fundamental stem cell fate decisions‚ which are essential for normal tissue development‚ homeostasis‚ and repair actin cytoskeleton and Rho-GTPases‚ mediate downstream signal transduction Serum response factor (SRF) and yes-associated protein (YAP) are two examples of mechano-sensitive transcription factors‚ which have recently been implicated in epidermal and mesenchymal stem cell differentiation Lab notes: Passive processes: transport driven by
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data through thalamus Receptors and Neurons Receptors are cells that convert stimulus energy into electrical signals conversion of one medium to another is called transduction They first convert stimulus energy into graded changes in membrane potential For instance‚ it may fire APs or release neurotransmitters Each receptor has an adequate stimulus the form of stimulus that it is most responsive to Receptors can be classified according to their adequate stimuli: Chemoreceptors oxygen‚ pH
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energy Diversity of animals…more than 1 million species on earth Unifying themes that apply to all physiological processes Physiological Processes Chemical & Physical Laws Rooted in the laws of physics & chemistry Nerve conduction‚ action potentials & ionic currents Gas exchange Animal locomotion and blood flow Muscle contraction and limb movement Anabolic and catabolic metabolism What is Animal Physiology? (continued) Animal Physiology includes behavior‚ ecology‚ anatomy‚ evolution
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A. Tonic Spiking Most neurons are excitable‚ that is‚ they are quiescent but can fire spikes when stimulated. To test this property‚ neurophysiologists inject pulses of dc current via an electrode attached to the neuron and record its membrane potential. The input current and the neuronal response are usually plotted one beneath the other‚ as inFig.1(a).Whiletheinputison‚theneuroncontinuestofireatrain of spikes. This kind of behavior‚ called tonic spiking‚ can be observed in the three types of cortical
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TOPIC 6‚ 11‚ & OPTION H: HUMAN HEALTH AND PHYSIOLOGY Digestive System Includes all the structures that are concerned with bringing food into the body to provide for the needs of the body’s cells. Each cell in an organism relies on a continuous expenditure of energy. Fats‚ carbs‚ and proteins are broken down during cellular metabolism and the energy derived from them is used to make ATP. The digestive system deals with: Ingestion‚ which is the bringing of nutrients into the body. Mechanical
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advertisement‚ proclaim territory 5. Food source explanation no good! 6. Trees were dead and otherwise held no fruit 7. Monkeys traveled to trees with fruit but would return to the sleeping tree 8. Potential predators sometimes chose same trees as monkeys 9. After 9 months of observation‚ was no predation 10. Most troops chose tree opposite of another troops tree‚ they did not cross the river to forage in the other troop’s territory
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"When a person glimpses the face of a famous actor‚ sniffs a favourite food or hears the voice of a friend‚ recognition is instant. Within a fraction of a second after the eyes‚ nose‚ ears‚ tongue or skin is stimulated‚ one knows the object is familiar and whether it is desirable or dangerous. How does such recognition‚ which psychologists call preattentive perception‚ happen so accurately and quickly‚ even when the stimuli are complex and the context in which they arise varies? Much is known about
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Impulses Activity 1: The Resting Membrane Potential 1. Explain why increasing extracellular K+ reduces the net diffusion of K+ out of the neuron through the K+ leak channels. Increasing the extracellular K+ causes the membrane potential to change to a less negative value because when K+ ions diffuse out across the membrane they are leaving behind a net negative charge. 2. Explain why increasing extracellular K+ causes the membrane potential to change to a less negative value. Potassium
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Eliciting (Generating) a Nerve Impulse 1. Why don’t the terms depolarization and action potential mean the same thing? Depolarization has to do with surfaces becoming more negative or positive and reaches a certain point called a threshold. When the threshold is reached‚ an action potential is initiated. 2. What was the threshold voltage in Activity 1? The threshold voltage in Activity 1 was 3.0. 3. What was the effect of increasing the voltage? How does this change correlate to changes
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