Name Period Date The Synthesis of Aspirin Background Pharmaceutical research labs perform chemical reactions between organic molecules that contain mostly carbon. Since the atoms in organic molecules tend to be nonmetals‚ then the bonds that hold them together are covalent bonds. Only a few elements on the periodic table are nonmetals: C‚ N‚ O‚ S‚ Cl‚ and F. This small number of elements can be bonded together in different quantities‚ bonding types (single‚ double‚ triple bonds)‚ and structural
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processes. “It is process in which the metal is subjected to forces above recrystallisation temperature to give it a desired shape” OR “Hot working refers to processes where metals are plastically deformed above their recrystallization temperature” It includes: a. Rolling. b. Forging. c. Drop forging. d. Heading. e. Hot pressing. f. Extrusion ADVANTAGES OF HOT WORKING PROCESSES Advantages of hot working process (i)Due to refinements of grains‚ mechanical
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Nucleation As in solidification‚ nucleation occurs most easily on surfaces already present in the structure‚ thereby minimizing the surface energy term. Thus‚ the precipitates heterogeneously nucleate most easily at grain boundaries and other defects. Growth of the precipitates normally occurs by long-range diffusion and redistribution of atoms. Diffusing atoms must be detached from their original locations (perhaps at lattice points in a solid solution)‚ move through the surrounding material
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The Purity and Purification of Solids Melting Point Lab Introduction: The point of this lab was to determine the eutectic point for the naphthalene biphenyl mixture‚ as well as determining the melting point of an unknown substance by comparing it with two known samples. Melting point is a temperature in which a substance changes from solid state to liquid state. Melting points are used to determine whether the given substance is pure or not. Substances that melt sharply‚ less than 1-2°C indicates
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Distillation Introduction: The recrystallization technique you learned last lab is a method for purifying solids. This week we will learn how to perform a distillation‚ a method for purifying liquids. Distillation is a common wet-chemical technique for separating organic compounds based on differences in boiling points. Upon heating a mixture of organic compounds‚ the more volatile compounds (those with the lowest boiling point) will vaporize first (i.e. be converted to gases)‚ leaving the higher-boiling
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unusually high MP; ~70 – 100 °C higher than ortho and meta isomers Solubility behavior – insoluble in water; soluble in nonpolar organic solvents – para isomer is less soluble than ortho or meta in any given solvent can be readily purified by recrystallization Consider: REACTIONS: 1. Electrophilic aromatic substitution (EAS) – recall directing power (o‚ p director) but ring is deactivated toward EAS. 2. Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution (NAS or SNAr) ipso substitution an atom or group other
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experiment was to synthesise a small amount of aspirin with salicylic acid as the starting product and sulphuric acid as the catalyst. The product obtained from this reaction will be impure and will need to be purified. This will be done by recrystallization. We will then record the products’ melting point and calculate the yield in order to determine the degree of purity of the aspirin sample. Diagrammatic scheme for the reaction: OBSERVATIONS: When 5g of salicylic acid‚ 7.5 cm3 of ethanoic anhydride
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Abstract This experiment will explain what the Rockwell hardening test is and why it is used‚ how the experiment was conducted‚ data that was found‚ and the importance of testing the hardness of materials. This experiment explains and proves how the hardness of materials can be increased by alloying and heat treating. Intro – Rockwell Hardness Testing Soft and hard qualities exist in materials. In materials‚ hardness measures the ability of a material to resist scratching‚ indentation‚ or penetration
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Separating The Components of “Panacetin” Observations Most natural products and many commercial preparations are mixtures containing a number of different substances. To obtain a pure compound from such a mixture‚ you must separate the desired compound from the other components of the mixture by taking advantage of differences in their physical and chemical properties. Acidic or basic substances are often converted to water-soluble salts‚ which can then be separated from the water-insoluble
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The purpose of the experiment was to perform an electrophilic addition reaction by the bromination of cinnamic acid. The product of this reaction is 3-Phenyl-2‚3-dibromo propionic acid‚ which is purified by recrystallization. Cinnamic acid (3-phenylprop-2-enoic acid) is an unsaturated carboxylic acid. The electron rich π cloud (see Figure 1) in the double bond of this structure is nucleophilic and can be considered a Lewis base. It can therefore be saturated by the addition of a halogen to the double
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