A Tour of the Cell Overview: The Importance of Cells • All organisms are made of cells. o Many organisms are single-celled. o Even in multicellular organisms‚ the cell is the basic unit of structure and function. • The cell is the simplest collection of matter that can live. • All cells are related by their descent from earlier cells. Concept 2 Eukaryotic cells have internal membranes that compartmentalize their functions Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
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ASBiology and Disease * Causes of disease * Pathogens Disease suggests a malfunction of the body or mind which has an adverse effect on good health For a micro-organism to be considered a pathogen it must * Gain entry to the host * Colonise the tissue of the host * Resist the defences of the host * Cause damage to the host tissues Pathogen Infection Disease Entry pathways * Gas exchange system * Digestive system Natural defences * Mucous layer
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information from DNA through RNA to the production of a sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide:-The structures involved in polypeptide synthesis are:DNA: A gene contains a sequence of bases to code for a protein. Every set of 3 bases is called a codon. RNA: RNA is similar to DNA except that instead of deoxyribose as the sugar‚ it has ribose. It is single stranded‚ and instead of thymine‚ there is uracil. There are 3 forms involved in polypeptide synthesis:mRNA: Messenger RNA carries the genetic code
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polymers of carbohydrates‚ proteins and nucleic acids. | Monomer | Polymer | Carbohydrates | Monosaccharides (simple sugars) | Polysaccharides | Proteins | Amino acids | Polypeptides and proteins | Nucleic Acids | Nucleotides | DNA and RNA | * Describe the general features of condensation and hydrolysis reactions. Condensation reactions link monomers together. The same reaction is repeated many times to make a polymer and is used to link subunits in lipid molecules. In condensation
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Akash G 12M 1.0 - Disease 1.1 Pathogens: Pathogens are disease causing microorganisms Disease is the symptoms displayed on a person following an infection‚ a malfunction of the body or mind Infectious Disease: Caused by bacterium‚ virus‚ fungum transferred from one person to another Non Infectious Disease: A disease that is not caused by a transmitted pathogen (e.g. Stroke‚ arthritis‚ obesity) Interface: A surface or boundary between two systems For a microorganism to be a pathogen‚ it
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profiling. 7. Describe the Watson-Crick double-helix model of DNA structure and the base pairing rule. Explain the importance of complementary base pairing to the conservation of the base sequence in DNA. Contrast the structure and function of DNA and RNA. 8. In more detail than #7 above‚ describe the structure of DNA including the antiparallel strands‚ the 3’–5’ linkages‚ and the role of the hydrogen bonding between purines and pyrimidines. DNA replication (pages 136-137) 9. Describe the semi-conservative
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Cellular Functions CORE TOPIC 1: CELLULAR FUNCTIONS Learning Outcomes: (a) Describe and interpret drawings and photographs of typical animal and plant cells as seen under the electron microscope‚ recognising the following membrane systems and organelles: rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum‚ Golgi body‚ mitochondria‚ ribosomes‚ lysosomes‚ chloroplasts‚ cell surface membrane‚ nuclear envelope‚ centrioles‚ nucleus and nucleolus. (b) Outline the functions of the membrane systems and organelles
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know the elements of life – and how the reduction and oxidative of some of these drive bioenergetics oxidize carbon (i.e. glucose source) and reduce oxygen (electron acceptor) (CHNOPS) and iron (Fe; trace element; Fe also important to obtain cellular energy). Nutrition: CHNOPS Trace Elements: Iron (Fe)‚ Ni‚ Mg‚ Mo‚ Mn‚ Ca (important in humans due to osteoblastic activity)‚ Co Occupancy: beat out others for a spot to live‚ e.g. microbiota (normal flora) Resistance: defend against microbes‚ eukaryotes
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supported by which of the following? Both green algae and plants have chlorophylls a and b and various accessory pigments. Both green algae and plants store excess carbohydrates as starch and have cellulose in their cell walls. Molecular evaluation of ribosomal RNA provides evidence of the evolutionary relationship of plants and green algae. All of the choices are evidence. Which of the following features would have helped early plant ancestors evolve to a terrestrial existence? apical cells cellulose
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Prevalence of clarithromycin resistance in H.pylori patients with failure of treatment Introduction; The H.pylori is a gram negative bacterium that colonizes the stomach has a high prevalence; more than 50 percent of the global population has H.pylori. It’s influenced by geography‚ age‚ gender‚ socioeconomic status‚ although it is decreasing in the developed world‚ it remains high in the developing world as there is less proper sanitation and hygiene‚ crowdedness‚ lack of safe water supply
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