HYPONATRAEMIA IN THE NEUROSURGICAL PATIENT INTRODUCTION Sodium the most abundant electrolyte in the human body‚ and therefore the osmolality of body fluids is strongly dependent on its concentration. Osmolality in turn is important in maintaining homeostasis within the brain. Ironically‚ dysfunction of the brain can cause changes in sodium homeostasis. To avoid neurological deterioration‚ morbidity or mortality the sodium level must be corrected promptly. The two most common causes of hyponatraemia
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System The digestive tract is a series of hollow organs through which food passes: mouth‚ pharynx‚ esophagus‚ stomach‚ small intestine. Each portion is specialized for one or more aspect of the three major functions of the digestive system the secretion‚ digestion‚ and absorption. Accessory organs such as salivary glands‚ liver‚ gallbladder and pancreas have duct that lead into the digestive tract and thus support digestive function. Digestion is defined as the mechanical and chemical breaking
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Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus Etiology of Diabetes Mellitus “Diabetes is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion‚ insulin action‚ or both. The chronic hyperglycemia of diabetes is associated with long-term damage‚ dysfunction‚ and failure of different organs‚ especially the eyes‚ kidneys‚ nerves‚ heart‚ and blood vessels.” (Association‚ National Center for Biotechnology Information ‚ 2009‚ p. 1) “The cause of type 1 and
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Bibliography: [1] Shibata‚ Yoko; Voeltz‚ Gia K.; Rapoport‚ Tom A. (2006). "Rough Sheets and Smooth Tubules". Cell 126(3): 435–439. [2] "Regulated Secretion (Golgi): The Movie". North Dakota State University.
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Running Head: PNEUMONIA: THE SILENT KILLER Exploring Pneumonia: A Silent Killer Abstract This paper explores Pneumonia and the respiratory disease process associated with bacterial and viral pathogens most commonly located in the lung. The paper examines the process‚ symptoms and treatments most commonly viewed in patient cases of Pneumonia. My goal is to educate the reader and to warn of the Exploring Pneumonia: A Silent Killer Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs. Many
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Based on these changes which are recorded‚ an examiner can detect if a person is being truthful or lying. The physiological basis of the EDA is that sweat glands will increase secretion based on somatic sensory stimulus‚ for example touch‚ pain‚ pressure‚ and will cause a change in emotion. The increase secretion (sweat) is generally small‚ however it lowers the electrical resistance of the skin since seat contains water and electrolytes. Both of these increase the skins electrical conductivity
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“DISCUSS THE STRATEGIES THAT ARE USED BY BACTERIAL PATHOGENS TO EVADE HOST ANTIBACTERIAL PEPTIDES AND PHAGOCYTES” The mammalian immune system has two major components; the innate and the adaptive immune system. The innate system is usually the first line of defence and it acts as a strong roadblock to invading bacterial pathogens through direct mechanisms such as inflammation‚ phagocytosis‚ complement system activation‚ antibacterial peptides and indirectly by activating adaptive response through
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melatonin which is considered to regulate the biological clock in humans‚ as it helps the brain to synchronise to daylight. The parathyroid gland is an extension of the thyroid gland‚ though this produced a separate hormone named parathormone. This secretion aids with the distribution of calcium and phosphate throughout the body with is essential for good bone formation‚ growth and repair. The thymus is a gland that produces the hormone thymosin. This particular hormone is especially important to the
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.. Dermatology Skin Structure and Functions UPACE‚ Open U ARTS4003BP I Skin Structure • Epidermis The epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin. It forms the protective covering of the skin of the body‚ It contains no blood vessels‚ but has many small nerve endings. The epidermis contains the following layers: Stratum Corneum‚ Stratum Lucidum‚ Stratum Granulosum ‚ Stratum Spinosum and Stratum Germinativum. Dermis Dermis is the underlying‚ or inner layer of the skin‚ It is highly senSitive
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(Johnson) There are five basic processes of the digestive system. These processes are motility‚ secretion‚ digestion‚ absorption‚ and excretion. Motility is the mechanical processing and movement of food taken into the body. Chewing breaks food into smaller pieces‚ and two types of movement mix the contents of the lumen and propel it forward. The lumen is the inside lining of the GI tract. Secretion is the fluid‚ digestive enzymes‚ acid‚ alkali‚ bile‚ and mucus that are secreted into the GI tract
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