sodium hydroxide and acted as a nucleophile to attack the benzaldehyde. A water-cooled condenser was used to heat the solution at reflux. Vacuum filtration was used to wash and dry the product. The benzoin product was recrystallized by dissolving with a H2O/95% ethanol (2:1‚ v/v) solution and heated to reflux. Vacuum filtration was used to wash and dry the product. Introduction/Background: Introduction: Discussion of the mechanism of the performed reaction; discussion
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Experiment IV Solubility of Dissolved Oxygen Purpose To demonstrate the effect of partial pressure‚ temperature and salinity on the solubility of dissolved oxygen and to demonstrate the interference of nitrite in dissolved oxygen analysis by the Winkler Method. To demonstrate the use of the oxygen electrode and the difference between activity and concentration. References 1. Mancy‚ K. H.‚ Jaffe‚ T.‚ "Analysis of Dissolved Oxygen in Natural and Waste Water‚" USDHEW Public Health Service
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Laboratory Experiment No. 1: Common Laboratory Procedures Objective In this experiment‚ the objectives were to use a balance and measure the volume of the liquids. Theory In the experiment‚ three calculations were used. These are the density‚ relative error and the standard deviation. Density is refers to the mass (m) per unit volume (V) of a material and is often represented by the symbols d or ρ‚ where d = m/V. The density of an object changes with pressure and temperature. Second‚
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THE MOLE CONCEPT References : Mohammed and Lambert ( Old Edition) Chapter 11 pg. 107 Mohammed and Lambert ( New edition) Chapter 8 pg 123 Anne Tindale Chapter 10 pg 46 The following topics will be covered : 1. Definition of Relative Atomic and Relative Molecular Masses. 2. Calculation of Relative Molecular Masses 3. Converting Moles to Grams / Grams to Moles 4. Calculation from equations Masses of substances /Volumes of gases / Concentration
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2.Fe + V2O3 ( Fe2O3 + VO 3.KMnO4 + KNO2 + H2SO4 ( MnSO4 + H2O + KNO3 + K2SO4 4.K2Cr2O7 + SnCl2 + HCl ( CrCl3 + SnCl4 + KCl + H2O 5.KMnO4 + NaCl + H2SO4 ( Cl2 + K2SO4 + MnSO4 + H2O + Na2SO4 6.K2Cr2O7 + H2O + S ( SO2 + KOH + Cr2O3 7.KClO3 + C12H22O11 ( KCl + H2O + CO2 8.H2C2O4 + K2MnO4 ( CO2 + K2O + Mn2O3 + H2O 9.Mn(NO3) 2 + NaBiO3 + HNO3 ( HMnO4 + Bi(NO3) 3 + NaNO3 + H2O 10.H2C2O4 + KMnO4 ( CO2 + K2O + Mn2O3 + H2O Oxidation Reduction Worksheet Answers
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MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) Which of the following statements about crystalline and amorphous solids is TRUE? A) An example of a crystalline solid is glass. B) An amorphous solid is composed of atoms or molecules with a majority of its volume empty. C) A crystalline solid is composed of atoms or molecules arranged with long-range repeating order. D) An example of an amorphous solid is table salt (NaCl). E) All of
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the attractive forces between molecules are. 3. Identify the type of molar enthalpy for each reaction below: a) MgCl2 (s) → Mg2+ (aq) + 2 Cl- (aq) ΔHsol b) CH3COOH (aq) + NaOH (aq) → CH3COONa (aq) + H2O (l) ΔHneut c) H2O (l) → H2O (s) ΔHfr 4. There are three modes of molecular motion associated with energy. Identify the mode(s) of molecular motion available to helium gas (He) and compare to those of nitrogen gas (N2). Which gas has the
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Primary Alcohol( carboxylic acid Secondary Alcohol( ketones Tertiary( none Phenols Reaction with bromine/water (Confirms if phenol compound) Reagent: bromine in H2O Observation: Disappearance of orange-brown bromine color‚ then formation of white precipitate Procedure: 3 drops phenol soln on test tube+ Br in H2O drop by drop while shaking‚ observe formation of ppt Oxidation by KMnO4 (Confirms if phenol compound) Reagent: aqueous neutral KMnO4 Observation: purple color( brown color
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OXIDATION-REDUCTION TITRATIONS REDOX TITRATION • involves oxidizing agents and reducing agents titrants and analytes • oxidizing agents used as standard solutions: potassium permanganate‚ KMnO4 potassium dichromate‚ K2Cr2O7 iodine‚ I2 ceric sulfate‚ Ce(SO4) 2 potassium iodate‚ KIO3 REDOX TITRATION • reducing agents used as standard solutions: ferrous sulfate‚ FeSO4 oxalic acid‚ H2C2O4 sodium oxalate‚ Na2C2O4 sodium thiosulfate‚ Na2S2O3 titanous chloride
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ACIDS‚ BASES AND SALTS 1. What are indicators? What are the different types of indicators? An indicator is a dye which changes colour when put into an acid or a base. The different kinds of indicators are- Natural indicators- Litmus is a natural indicator‚ litmus solution is a purple dye which is extracted from a plant called lichen. Litmus turns red in acidic solutions and blue in basic solutions. Other
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