Edexel IGCSE Chemistry Revision Notes IGCSE Chemistry Triple Award Revision Guide Topic Introduction to chemistry Atomic Structure Structure and Bonding – Ionic Bonding Structure and Bonding – Covalent and Metallic Bonding Organic Chemistry - Alkanes Organic Chemistry – Alkenes / Addition Polymerisation Organic Chemistry – Alcohols / Condensation Polymerisation Calculations Periodic Table Reactivity Series and Metal Extraction Electrolysis Energetics Acids‚ Bases‚ Salts and Neutralisation Preparing
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Unsaturated organic compounds : Organic compounds in which a double or a triple bond exists between two carbon atoms in a carbon chain‚ are called unsaturated organic compounds. 10. Hydrocarbons : Organic compounds which contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms are called hydrocarbons. 11. Straight chain hydrocarbons : Hydrocarbons‚ in which all the carbon atoms are linked to one another in a straight chain by a single covalent bond are called straight chain hydrocarbons. 12. Branched chain hydrocarbons
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that in aqueous solution all acids‚ to some extent (dependent on the strength of the acid)‚ split up to form a hydrogen ion and an anion‚ i.e. for an acid HX: This also emphasises the fact that water is not an inert solvent‚ but is necessary for acid–base activity. Indeed solutions of acids in many non–aqueous solvents do not show acidic properties. For example a solution of hydrogen chloride in methylbenzene does not dissociate and hence‚ for example‚ it will not react with magnesium. Invoking
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simply sodium bicarbonate‚ a substance found naturally in mineral deposits‚ oceans and lake sediments as trona ore. Sodium bicarbonate is also manufactured in the human body‚ where it helps to maintain the correct pH of the blood stream‚ neutralizes stomach acids and plaque acids‚ and carries carbon dioxide from bodily tissue to the lungs. Baking soda is a white crystalline powder (NaHCO3) better known to chemists as sodium bicarbonate‚ bicarbonate of soda‚ sodium hydrogen carbonate‚ or sodium
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Edexcel Level 3 BTEC Nationals in Applied Science (Forensic Science) Unit 01 – Fundamentals of Science Assignment 01-01‚ Volumetric Analysis Date set: Sept 2010 Date due: Oct 2010 This assignment addresses the following Criteria… Unit 1 – Fundamentals of Science Assessment and grading criteria To achieve a pass grade the evidence must show that the learner is able to: To achieve a merit grade the evidence must show that‚ in addition to the pass criteria‚ the learner is able to: To
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green Na Sodium Intense yellow P Phosphorus Pale bluish green Pb Lead Blue Rb Rubidium Red to purple-red Sb Antimony Pale green Se Selenium Azure blue Sr Strontium Crimson Te Tellurium Pale green Tl Thallium Pure green Zn Zinc Bluish green to whitish green Sources of error for the flame test: The test cannot detect low concentrations of most ions. The brightness of the signal varies from one sample to another. For example‚ the yellow emission from sodium is much
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iron and sulfur to form iron (II) sulfide is an example of a synthesis reaction: 8 Fe + S8 ? 8 FeS Learn More About Synthesis Reactions Chemical Decomposition or Analysis Reaction In a decomposition reaction a compound is broken into smaller chemical species. AB ? A + B The electrolysis of water into oxygen and hydrogen gas is an example of a decomposition reaction: 2 H2O ? 2 H2 + O2 Single Displacement or Substitution Reaction A substitution or single displacement reaction is characterized by one
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TITRATION AIM - To estimate volumetrically the amount of calcium carbonate present in the eggshell and analyzing the sources of errors to evaluate the result. Part A: Standardization of 2M NaOH(aq) Data Collection : Weight of substances Uncertainty Weight of watch glass + salt (potassium hydrogen phthalate) w1= 23.4380g ± 0.001g Weight of watch glass ( after emptying the salt)w2 = 21.5430g ± 0.001g Weight of salt (potassium hydrogen phthalate) w1 –w2= (23.4380± 0.001g) – (21.5430g ± .001g)
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results table which I have added them and then divided by three to get an average results. Describe the stages you followed in collecting the primary data and any secondary data. Titration Steps: • Firstly we weighed the solid sample of sodium hydrogen carbonate with an accurate balance; then dissolved in distilled water up to 250ml to make a
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bubbles given off (considering that oxygen is produced as a waste gas during photosynthesis). The light intensity is measured by the distance between the lamp and pondweed. Fair test: Fix: the amount of pondweed‚ the amount of water and sodium hydrogen carbonate solution in the test tube‚ the time allowed for each experiment Change: the distance from the lamp to the pondweed (light intensity) Measure: the number of bubbles given off by the pondweed‚ the temperature of the water bath Variables:
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