To make cost estimates‚ project managers use cost analysis; a discipline that attempts to forecast the ultimate cost of a project. The difficulty about this analysis‚ especially for complex projects‚ is that there are a lot of uncertainties about cost items such as technology‚ productivity of human resources‚ economic conditions‚ market conditions‚ prices‚ inflation and other future risks and events. In general uncertainty occurs for a number of reasons: • Uniqueness (no similar experience) ⁎ Corresponding
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CHAPTER 22 The Costs of Production Topic Question numbers ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1. Costs: explicit and implicit 1-9 2. Profits 10-23 3. Short run versus long run 24-31 4. Law of diminishing returns 32-55 5. Short-run costs 56-157 6. Long-run costs 158-193 Last Word 194-196 True-False 197-210 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________
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and planning procedures required for success e) providing a means for communicating targets and objectives — employees cannot be expected to meet resource management targets if they do not know what they are (this includes targets relating to cost management‚ budget applications and waste management) f) providing a link between management and work that enables realistic goals and targets to be set g) motivating higher discretionary input 1.2 What resources might be required in a business
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machine hours and outgoing shipments‚ which are the activities’ three respective cost drivers‚ follow: Luxury Exclusive Setups 50 30 Machine hours 16‚000 22‚500 Outgoing shipments 100 75 The firm’s total overhead of $3‚080‚000 is subdivided as follows: manufacturing setups‚ $672‚000; machine processing‚ $1‚848‚000; and product shipping‚ $560‚000. REQUIRED: a) Calculate the unit manufacturing cost of Luxury and Exclusive electric sleeping bags by using the company’s current overhead
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hours before being warmed in a sufficient and comfortable shelter. Gratification is immediate in my life due to the availability of energy. Public health has created an environment of well being among the general public based on these amenities. However‚ a thought that rarely crossed my mind is what is the cost of my gratification. The realization that my need for comfort is slowly destroying the magnificent planet I live on was shaming‚ shocking‚ and terrifying. The instinct to reject this idea is immediate
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Multidisciplinary Research Vol.2 Issue 6‚ June 2012‚ ISSN 2231 5780 PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL AS EMPLOYEE MOTIVATION MECHANISM IN SELECTED FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS IN KUMASI‚ ASHANTI REGION OF GHANA DR. KOFI OSEI AKUOKO* *Vincent de Paul Kanwetuu‚ Department of Sociology and Social Work‚ Faculty of Social Sciences‚ College of Art and Social Work‚ Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology‚ Kumasi‚ Ghana. ABSTRACT Performance appraisal system (PAS) has been viewed by academics and human resource
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Chapter 8 Cost Estimation and Budgeting 8.1 True/False 1) Direct costs are those clearly assigned to the aspect of the project that generated the cost. Answer TRUE 2) Material is an example of a cost that is recurring‚ variable and direct. Answer TRUE 3) An expedited cost is one that does not vary with respect to their usage. Answer FALSE 4) An order of magnitude estimate is usually more accurate than a ballpark estimate. Answer FALSE 5) Comparative estimates are more accurate than definitive
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The Performance Of Performance Appraisal Sanjeev Kumar Saxena - Jodhpur Today‚ most of organisations attempt to develop the outlook and performance of its employees by using multiple and complex training and educational programmes. In comparison to this‚ several academician ’s‚ researches and professionals hold that the personality of employees is generally developed when they learn several dimensions of job while working. Similarly‚ it is also believed that proper development of the personality
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College Costs Introduction It’s no secret that financing a college education is getting tougher. College costs have skyrocketed over the past decade or so‚ and there’s no relief in sight. Average tuition at four-year colleges will increase 7 percent this school year‚ double the rate of inflation. Student aid is not increasing fast enough to plug the growing gap between tuition and family finances. In addition‚ there is a growing number of older students entering college today. These students
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the actual cost‚ and BAC is the budget at completion. PV ¼ $ 23‚000 EV ¼ $ 20‚000 AC ¼ $ 25‚000 BAC ¼ $ 120‚000 a. What is the cost variance‚ schedule variance‚ cost performance index (CPI)‚ and schedule performance index (SPI) for the project? Cost Variance = EV-AC = $20‚000 - $25‚000 = -$5‚000 Schedule Variance = EV-PV = $20‚000 - $25‚000 = -$3‚000 CPI = EV/AC = $20‚000/$25‚000 = 80% SPI = EV/PV = $20‚000/$25‚000 = 87% b. How is the project doing? Is it ahead of schedule or behind
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