might want to make a chart of these causes and effects. How did the patterns of world trade change from 1492 to 1914? The Europeans used the power of seas and oceans to control the export of specific products. They had products such as pepper‚ cinnamon‚ and nutmeg. They regulated commerce with Asian trading network that stretched from ports of the Red Sea to South China. Many European seafaring nations were involved in South and Southeast Asia and was based on trade. The European powers struggled
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pyrolysis of the cyclic secondary alcohol with an acid catalyst at a moderate temperature or by distillation over alumina or silica gel. We will be performing catalysis by phosphoric acid. The mixture of cyclohexanol with phosphoric acid is heated in a flask equipped with a fractionating column‚ forming water. Further heating promotes the distillation of water and cyclohexene by the principle of stem distillation. A chaser solvent is added to recover of the reaction product that may get lost in the fractionating
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of this experiment is to synthesize 1-bromobutane from 1-butanol and sodium bromide. In order for this reaction to reach completion there are four major operations that need to be performed. The four major operations include refluxing‚ simple distillation‚ separation‚ and drying. To begin‚ in order for the compounds to react they will be dissolved in water and sulfuric acid will be added. The addition of sulfuric acid will then generate hydrobromic acid‚ an important product in the reaction mixture
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pie spice 1 teaspoon ground cinnamon 1/2 cup chopped walnuts 1/2 teaspoon ground cinnamon 1 cup confectioners’ sugar 2 tablespoons warm water 1 cup raisins Directions 1. 2. Preheat oven to 350 degrees F (175 degrees C). Grease cookie sheets. 3. In a medium bowl‚ cream the shortening and sugar until smooth. Add the egg‚ and vanilla; mix until fluffy. Stir in the pumpkin. Sift together the flour‚ baking soda‚ salt‚ pumpkin pie spice‚ and cinnamon; stir into the pumpkin mixture
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the sidearm of the distillation flask instead of being dipped in the solution? Had you did it in the solution‚ the thermometer would have measured the temperature of the direct heat from the flame. However‚ what we want is the temperature at which a substance boils. Hence‚ by positioning the thermometer near the sidearm of the distillation flask measures the temperature of the vapour which is also the boiling point of that substance. what are the limitations of simple distillation?how to overcome
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TEACHER’S GUIDE CHEMISTRY TOPIC: OBSERVATIONS AND EXPERIMENTS USEFUL TIPS: Student’s experiments can be done in groups. Groups can be given different mixtures. Each group then carry out their own experiment‚ makes a write up of their procedure and presents to the rest of the class together with the samples obtained. UNIT 1: MIXTURES AND PURE SUBSTANCES This unit is suitable for senior one (S1) BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE UNIT: This unit deals with: • Methods of separating
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Chicory (Cichorium intybus) Chili pepper (Capsicum spp.) Chives (Allium schoenoprasum) Cicely‚ sweet cicely (Myrrhis odorata) Cilantro‚ coriander greens‚ coriander herb (Coriandrum sativum) Cinnamon‚ Indonesian (Cinnamomum burmannii‚ Cassia vera) Cinnamon‚ Saigon or Vietnamese (Cinnamomum loureiroi) Cinnamon‚ true or Ceylon (Cinnamomum
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INTERNATIONALE PHARMACEUTICA SCIENCIA | Jan-March 2011 | Vol. 1 | Issue 1 | Available online http://www.ipharmsciencia.com ©2011 IPS REVIEW ARTICLE Phytochemical screening and Extraction: A Review ABSTRACT Plants are a source of large amount of drugs comprising to different groups such as antispasmodics‚ emetics‚ anti-cancer‚ antimicrobials etc. A large number of the plants are claimed to possess the antibiotic properties in the traditional system and are also used extensively by the tribal people
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IGCSE Complete Chemistry Notes Unit 1: States of matter Everything is made of particles. Particles in solid are not free to move around. Liquids and gases can. As particles move they collide with each other and bounce off in all directions. This is called random motion. In 2 substances‚ when mixed‚ particles bounce off in all directions when they collide. This mixing process is called diffusion. It’s also the movement of particles without a force. The smallest particle
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IntroductionA dehydration reaction of an alcohol results in an alkene. This type of reaction requires an alcohol‚ an acid catalyst and heat. Generally strong concentrated acids‚ like sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid‚ are used as the acid catalyst.The acid catalyst protonates the alcohol‚ to make a much better leaving group. Weakest bases make the best leaving groups‚ so once the alcohol is protonated the leaving group leaves and produces in a carbocation and water. In order to form the double bond
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