distillation occurs below the boiling point of water. Adding t-butyl methyl ether to the distillate and shaking creates a distinct layer separation which when dried leaves purified citral. Materials and Equipment: Spatula‚ syringe‚ syringe needle‚ short-neck round bottom flask‚ digital thermometer‚ pipette‚ pipette bulb‚ ice‚ lemongrass oil‚ beaker‚ electric hot plate‚ t-butyl methyl ether‚ saturated sodium chloride‚ anhydrous calcium chloride‚ stopper‚ boiling chips‚ sand bath‚ distillation column
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mechanism from styrene. Nylon 6‚ 10 was generated from 1‚ 6-hexanediamine and sebacoyl chloride with the loss of HCl via nucleophilic substitution. Cellulose triacetate was generated by mixing cotton balls and acetic anhydride with acidic condition under heating. Materials: Styrene‚ 1 M NaOH solution‚ CaCl2(s)‚ xylene‚ t-butyl peroxybenzoate‚ methanol‚ 5% aqueous solution of 1‚ 6-hexanediamine‚ NaOH(s)‚ 5% sebacoyl chloride in hexane‚ glacial acetic acid‚ concentrated H2SO4‚ cotton balls‚ acetic anhydride
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Objective The goal of this experiment is to characterize NaBD4 and NaBH4 using infrared (IR) spectroscopy and melting points. The changes in the spectra due to isotopic labeling are compared to calculated values from the simple harmonic oscillator model. In addition‚ the specific molecular vibration nodes are visualized using computational chemistry software. Introduction The Lewis acid-base is defined simply: acids accept electrons‚ and bases donate electrons. Lewis acids and bases are important
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substance by measuring the freezing point depression of a solution of an unknown substance and BHT. Equipment: Test tube‚ 18*150 millimeters Wire stirrer Weighing dish Timer‚ seconds Chemicals: 2‚ 6-Di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol‚ BHT‚ 16 grams Cetyl alcohol‚ CH3(CH2)14CH2OH‚ 1 gram Unknown substance‚ 1 gram Procedures: Weigh the test tube. Assemble the apparatus of thermometer‚ split stopper‚ and stirrer. Measure about eight grams
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Substitution Reactions* INTRODUCTION In class‚ we have been learning about substitution reactions and the various mechanisms by which they can occur. In a substitution reaction‚ a leaving group‚ usually a halide‚ is replaced by a nucleophile. Two mechanisms have been described for this reaction‚ a unimolecular (SN1) mechanism‚ and a bimolecular (SN2) mechanism. The stepwise unimolecular mechanism proceeds through a carbocation intermediate. These reactions are favored by the use of a substrate
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course of a reaction‚ you need to use only a small amount of sulfuric acid in order for it to be effective. The name of the ester formed is butyl ethanoate. This is because the ‘-anol’ part of the alcohol name becomes ‘-yl’ and the carboxylic acid part which has the name of ‘-ic acid’ will end with a ‘-ate’ 1-butanol + ethanoic acid butyl ethanoate + water. C4H9OH(aq) + CH3CO2H(aq) CH3CO2C4H9(aq) + H2O(l) CH3CH2CH2CH2OH + CH2COOH CH3COOCH2CH2CH2CH3 + H2O
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Abstract: This experiment synthesized H-Gly-Phe-OH dipeptide using “Fmoc chemistry”. The first part of experiment was the synthesis of L-phenylalanine methyl ester hydrochloride. The methyl ester can be synthesised by reaction of thionyl chloride‚ SOCl2 and dry methanol with L-phenylalanine under reflux condition. The peptide bond was formed later in the experiment‚ where HBTU‚ DiPEA and a solution of Fmoc-Gly-OH in DMF were added to a solution of L-phenylalanine methyl ester hydrochloride in DMF
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(SN2) AgNO3/ethanol (SN1) Bromobenzene NR NR Bromocyclopentane X 2 sec Bromocyclohexane NR 4 sec 2-bromobutane 5 min 2 sec 2-chlorobutane NR X Chloroacetone 7 sec X 1-chlorobutane X X t-butyl chloride NR 6 sec Benzyl chloride 3 min X Conclusions and discussion Bromobenzene undergoes no reaction for both SN1 and SN2. This is because bromobenzene is very stable‚ and contains allylic and vinyllic bromine‚ which is also very stable‚ and cannot be
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Radio active safety : Protective Clothing: Wear latex or nitrile gloves with along with the full-length lab coat including the closed toed shoes. Wear safety glasses to avoid the exposure radioactive material. Introduction : Chemicals may be liquids‚ gases‚ solids or powders have the tendency to harm health when it used or handled improperly‚ those can be corrosive‚ toxic agents‚ reactive or flammables can generate fumes‚ vapors‚ dust and mists. Depending on the usage and the work it can enter the
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SYNTHETIC EXPLOITATION OF ENZYMES: BIOCATALYSIS IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS: FUNDAMENTALS ENZYMES IN ORGANIC SYNTHESIS 1. Enzymes catalyze a broad spectrum of reactions with high turnover numbers. Rate enhancements approach 1012 fold. 2. Enzymes may accept a wide range of substrates. 3. Enzymes are highly regio and stereoselective. 4. Enzyme reactions take place under mild conditions; this minimizes problems of isomerization and racemization. 5. Enzymatic processes are less hazardous and polluting
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