Unit 2 – Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalance A. Homeostasis a. State of equilibrium in the body b. Naturally maintained by adaptive responses c. Body fluids and electrolytes are maintained within narrow limits B. Water content of the body i. Varies with age‚ gender‚ body mass 1. Men have more muscle mass → increased water‚ fat cells have less water content b. 50-60% of the weight in an adult c. 45-55% in older adults d. 70-80% in infants C. Body Fluid Components a. ICF b. ECF i. Intravascular
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3-Mb deletion (40 genes) (3). Clinical features (1) Cardiac malformations (aortic arch anomalies) Dysmorphic facial features (low set ears ‚ upward and downward slanting eyes‚ small mouth) (2) Recurrent infections Neonatal hypocalcaemia – tetany /Seizures Investigations (3) Chest Radiography – thymus FISH (fluorescent in situ hybridisation) the probes TUPLE1 and N25 are used for breakpoints in the region Incidence (4) 1 in 4000 of population (international) References 1) Connor
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Dorothy Nicoll A & P 171 Izy Grooms Osmosis: Marissa‚ Jeremy‚ and Eleanor Question on front of packet Calcium helps to keep bones strong but just drinking milk doesn’t mean that you won’t get osteoporosis. You may be genetically inclined to get it even though you drink milk every day. There are also many other things that contribute to getting osteoporosis‚ like not eating enough calcium‚ doing steroids causes bones to become weak and look like sponges when looking at it under a microscope. Scenarios
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A 60-year-old woman‚ church secretary‚ is diagnosed with primary hyperparathyroidism. Three years ago she started having the following symptoms; two episodes of kidney stones‚ a fractured wrist and a fractured ankle‚ and reports of feeling weak when she is walking. Treatment at the time consisted of hydration and diuretics. She has been doing well until now. Ms. Thompson presents to the endocrinologist’s office with a serum calcium was 12.4 mg/dL and the urine calcium is elevated. Today she
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Fluid and Electrolytes Study Guide -Fluids and Electrolytes move between interstitial fluid (surrounds the cell) and the intravascular fluid (blood plasma‚ capillaries). -Intracellular Fluid: -Extracellular Fluid: -Interstitial Fluid -Intravascular Fluid -Transcellular Fluid -Filtration: movement of water and smaller molecules through a semipermeable membrane. it s promoted by hydrostatic pressure‚ lack of this will call edema and unable to concentrate urine -Diffusion: from a high concentration
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Package Title: Testbank Course Title: pap13 Chapter Number: 18 Question type: Multiple Choice 1) Which of the following is NOT a function of a hormone? Regulates chemical composition and volume of the internal environment Regulates metabolism Regulates glandular secretions Produces electrolytes Controls growth and development Answer: d Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective 1: 18.1 Compare control of body functions by the nervous system and endocrine system
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Water Balance Adipose tissue is one of the most hydrated of all tissues in the human body. False The most abundant cation in intracellular fluid is sodium. False Electrolytes determine most of the chemical and physical reactions of the body. True Solutes‚ regardless of size‚ are able to move freely between compartments because water carries them along the osmotic gradients.False The thirst center in the brain is located in the hypothalamus.True Dehydration can be caused by endocrine disturbances
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Potassium is one of the body’s major ions. Nearly 98% of the body’s potassium is intracellular. The ratio of intracellular to extracellular potassium is important in determining the cellular membrane potential. Small changes in the extracellular potassium level can have profound effects on the function of the cardiovascular and neuromuscular systems. The kidney determines potassium homeostasis‚ and excess potassium is excreted in the urine. The reference range for serum potassium level is 3
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RUNNING HEAD: Rickets Rickets Abstract: Without a proper diet or a serious lack of nutrition a person is making his or her self susceptible to all sorts of diseases. All people‚ young and old‚ need to have a healthy and nutritional diet if they want to avoid the many diseases caused by poor nutrition. One disease young children are at risk for is rickets. Rickets is caused by a vitamin D‚ calcium‚ and phosphorus deficiency. Rickets is the softening and weakening of the bones in children
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Signs of hypocalcemia: paresthesias followed by numbness‚ hyperactive deep tendon reflexes‚ and a positive Trousseau’s or Chvostek’s sign. * Additional signs of hypocalcemia include increased neuromuscular excitability‚ muscle cramps‚ twitching‚ tetany‚ seizures‚ irritability‚ and anxiety. Gastrointestinal symptoms include increased gastric motility‚ hyperactive bowel sounds‚ abdominal cramping‚ and diarrhea. * ECG Hypocalcemia: prolonged ST or QT interval. ECG Hypercalcemia: shortened
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