Fluid)‚ fluid sticking to a surface (Coanda effect)‚ and cars being lifted by a small pressure from hand (Pascal’s law)‚ Thermodynamics captured my interest and attention. Subjects such as Heat Transfer‚ Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion‚ Thermodynamics‚ and Fluid mechanics further substantiated my interest in the area. Concepts such as Bernoulli’s effect‚ laws of thermodynamics‚ boundary layer and heat engines were equally interesting. Laboratory sessions which allowed me to translate theories to
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(rusting of iron‚ tarnishing silver) Also‚ almost all chemical reactions involve exchange of heat (or energy): in combustion reactions great deal of heat is released in neutralization reactions and others. Transfer of heat is a major theme of thermodynamics‚ the science of heat exchange (or energy exchange). Q: Why it is important to know the quantity of heat (energy) involved in a chemical reaction? Answer: when chemical reaction takes place the rearrangement of atoms takes place and
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are spontaneous Endothermic reactions (H>0) involving a decrease in entropy (s < 0) are non-spontaneous What about when H < 0 and S < 0 Temperature becomes important aas well as an understanding of the Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics Gibbs free energy I general a change at constant temp and pressure will occur spontaneously if its accompanied by a decrease in Gibbs Free energy G‚ change are spontaneous if the change in G‚ G < 0
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panel is in equilibrium if its temperature‚ Tp‚ remains constant. This means that the panel is losing as much power as it is gaining. It gains energy only through the one sunlit side‚ but it can radiate energy from both sides. Thermodynamics The first law of thermodynamics is
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Types : Potential – stored energy Due to position- Due to motion- Vibrational motion of a plucked guitar Translational motion of a moving bullet Kinetic motion of moving molecules Energy at Work- Laws of Thermodynamics (c) Law of Conservation of Energy- Energy cannot be created nor destroyed‚ it can only be transformed from one form to another form. * Bookeeping of energy A + B = C Situation | Seem to Be | Actual | Type of Energy
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Create-and re-create the building blocks * Reorganize/adapt * Two categories of metabolism * Catabolism: get energy by breaking down food (bimolecular). * Anabolic pathways: use energy to build molecules. Second law of thermodynamic * The degree of disorder in isolated systems or universe only increases * Entropy is a measure of disorder within a system * A positive entropy change spontaneously favors a reaction (if this reaction makes S increases‚ it’s favored)
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Techniques for Controlling Pathogenic Microorganisms: In order to adequately address safety issues associated with fresh produce‚ it is necessary to enhance the quantity and quality of research on mitigation strategies. A few of the research needs include: Investigate traditional and non-traditional sanitizers on specific pathogen/produce combinations. Survey extensively domestic and imported products to determine the frequency of public health microorganisms on specific produce items. Survey
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Absolute entropy is entropy calculated relative to the absolute reference point determined by the third law of thermodynamics. Absolute humidity (specific humidity or humidity ratio) is the mass of water vapor present in a unit mass of dry air; that is‚ it is the ratio of the mass of water vapor to the mass of dry air in atmospheric air. Absolute pressure is the actual pressure at a given position and it is measured relative to absolute vacuum (i.e.‚ absolute zero pressure). Throughout this
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can be derived from the two known values. Some intensive properties‚ such as viscosity‚ are empirical macroscopic quantities and are not relevant to extremely small systems. Combined intensive properties There are four properties in any thermodynamic system‚ two intensive ones and two extensive ones. If a set of parameters‚ \{a_i\}‚ are intensive properties and another set‚ \{A_j\}‚ are extensive properties‚ then the function F(\{a_i\}‚\{A_j\}) is an intensive property if for all \alpha
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 What is thermodynamics? Thermodynamics is the science which has evolved from the original investigations in the 19th century into the nature of “heat.” At the time‚ the leading theory of heat was that it was a type of fluid‚ which could flow from a hot body to a colder one when they were brought into contact. We now know that what was then called “heat” is not a fluid‚ but is actually a form of energy – it is the energy associated with the continual‚ random motion of the
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