Enthymeme 1 Types of Categorical Arguments 1. Enthymeme (having less than 3 propositions) 2. Syllogism (having 3 propositions) 3. Sorites (having more than 3 propositions) 2 Enthymeme Definition • The incomplete form of argument having omitted premise or conclusion. e.g. Diamond is expensive‚ because it is rare. • Enthymeme
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Rules of Categorical Syllogism Rule #1 FALLACY OF EQUIVOCATION - The middle must always be taken in the same sense. Ex. Father‚ party‚ speaker‚ mouse‚ bar Rule #2 FALLACY OF ILLICIT PROCESS * Illicit Major – The predicate is universal in the conclusion not in the major premise. * Illicit Minor – The subject is universal in the conclusion but not in the minor premise. Rule #3 FALLACY OF MISPLACED MIDDLE TERM – The middle term should not occur in the conclusion. A steward is a flight
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nreal GENERAL NOTION OF INFERENCE I. SOME DEFINITIONS • INFERENCE = one of the ways to arrive at a truth. o COHERENCE THEORY OF TRUTH • INFERENCE (broad sense) = any process by which the mind proceeds from one or more propositions to other propositions seen to be implied in the former. • INFERENCE (strict sense) = the operation by which the mind gets new knowledge by drawing out the implications of what is already known. • INFERENCE = also applied to any
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substance. The argument of the Sixth Meditation draws on much of Descartes’ own work concerning substance‚ attributes and distinction. In this paper‚ I will argue that he arrives at the conclusion that mind and body are in fact distinct by a categorical syllogism‚ focusing primarily on defending the minor premise that mind and body can be conceived as separate. I will begin by outlining Descartes’ position on matters of substance
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statements that they have replaced in their respective arguments. All of these arguments are called syllogisms. A syllogism is a deductive argument with two premises. Each‚ however‚ is a different type of syllogism. Argument 1 is called a hypothetical (or conditional) syllogism because its first premise (referred to as the “major premise”) is a conditional (if…then…) statement. A hypothetical syllogism is a syllogism with at least one conditional
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option b iii. option c iv. option d (the speaker’s preferred option) conclusion * What are the different types of deductive and inductive reasoning (e.g. causal‚ reasoning from sign‚ etc). Also‚ be able to identify examples of the syllogisms. * Causal reasoning(politicians use it) * -a line of argument that connects two events and claims the first produces the second * Ex. Test the following causal arguments * -scores on SAT or ACT exams started dropping because the
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[pic] PCR0025 Critical Thinking All Foundation ONLINE NOTES Topic 3: Argumentation • Argument is a claim put forward and defended with reasons. • Arguments are composed of: 1. Premises 2. Conclusion • Statement: A sentence that can sensibly be regarded as either true or false. • 2 things about statements: 1. A sentence may be used to express more than one statement. 2. Not all sentences are statements
Free Logic Inductive reasoning Deductive reasoning
Sequenced. Precise. Elegant. Clear. Hurley’s A Concise Introduction to Logic‚ 11th Edition How to Make an Origami Crane Make your own origami crane using these instructions and the perforated sheet of paper included in your book. 1. Start with a square piece of paper‚ colored side up. Fold in half and open. Then fold in half the other way. 2. Turn the paper over to the white side. Fold the paper in half‚ crease well and open‚ and then fold again in the other direction. 3. Using the creases
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Restating any rhetorical questions as declarative sentences Replacing emotive language with more purely cognitive language. Identify any assumptions List them as separate premises. Identify the type of argument – is it a generalization‚ a categorical syllogism‚ etc.? Finally‚ identify any fallacies it commits. (There may be more than one.) Argument 1: Pro-abortion liberals are wrong to make ‘choice’ the ultimate issue. No one has absolute freedom of choice sanctioned by law. One can choose to
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Chapter 1 Philosophy means philein: love and sophia: wisdom‚ the love or pursuit of wisdom Philosophy beings with wonder‚ a search for the answer to a greater question Philosophy is a dynamic process‚ the dynamic nature of philosophical thinking‚ a process that is dialectical in the sense that ideas are continually analyzed in terms of their opposites‚ with the ultimate goal of creating a more enlightened synthesis The ultimate aim of philosophy is the goals is 1. the complete liberty of the
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