APA Reference Models
APA Reference List Models
This guide contains examples of references in APA style. The references are grouped by category: periodicals; books and reference books; technical and research reports; meetings and symposia; doctoral dissertations and master’s theses; reviews and peer commentary; audiovisual media; data sets, software, measurement instruments, and apparatus; unpublished and informally published works; archival documents and collections; and internet message boards, electronic mailing lists, and other online communities. In addition, general samples of corresponding citations are provided within each reference category.
Periodicals
Items published on a regular basis such as journals, magazines, newspapers, and newsletters. …show more content…
Reference List Format
Author’s Last Name, Initials. (Publication Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume # (issue #), pp-pp. doi:xx.xxxxxxxxxx If no digital object identifier (DOI) is assigned, include the home page URL for the periodical using this format: Retrieved from http://www.xxxxxxxxx.xxx
Example: Journal article with DOI
Florian, R. V. (2010). Challenges for interactivist-constructivist robotics. New Ideas in Psychology, 28(3), 350-353. doi: 10.1016/j.newideapsych.2009.09.009
Example: Journal article without DOI
Santovec, M. (2008). Easing the transition improves grad retention at Trinity U. Women in Higher Education, 17(10), 32. Retrieved from http://www.wihe.com/
Example: Magazine article, print
Sloan, C., Booth, S., & Tate, A. (2010, July). Why I became an American. Real Simple. 186-192.
Example: Online magazine article
Cendrowicz, L. (2010, July). Will Europe’s bank stress tests bring calm or spread more fear? Time. Retrieved from http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,2005557,00.html
Example: Online newspaper article
Tobin Ramos, R. (2010, July 22). UPS profit nearly doubles in second quarter. The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved from http://www.ajc.com
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Example: Newsletter article In-text citation samples
Burnside, P. (2010, July). Why EFTPS is a good fit for governments. FSLG Newsletter. Retrieved from http://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-tege/p4090_0710.pdf Citing paraphrased information: Paraphased text (Santovec, 2008) or According to Santovec (2008), paraphrased text. Citing quoted information: “Quote” (Santovec, 2008, para. 3). or As stated by Santovec (2008), “quote” (para. 3). Citing online publications: If a page number is not available use paragraph numbers (use the abbreviation para.). If the document includes headings but does not provide page or paragraph numbers, cite the heading and the number of the paragraph following the heading. For example, (Wilson, 2010, “Educating Adults,” para. 2).
Books, Reference Books, & Book Chapters
Books and reference books such as encyclopedias, dictionaries, and discipline-specific reference books. Also includes books that are published in electronic form.
Reference List Format: Book (print or electronic) Author’s Last Name, Initials. (Publication Year). Title of book. Location: Publisher Author’s Last Name, Initials. (Publication Year). Title of book. Retrieved from http://www.xxxxxxx.xxx Author’s Last Name, Initials. (Publication Year). Title of book. doi:xxxxxxx Editor’s Last Name, Initials. (Ed.). (Publication Year). Title of book. Location: Publisher
Example: Book, print version
Diaz-Rico, L. T. (2008). A course for teaching English learners. Boston, MA: Pearson.
Example: Book, Ashford custom edition
Ivancevich, J.M., Matteson, M..T., Bateman, T.S., Snell, S.A., Kreitner, R., & Kinicki, A. (2007). Organizational change. (Ashford University ed.). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill.
Example: Book, compilation or
Easton, T.A. (Ed.). (2008). Clashing views on environmental issues (12th ed.). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill.
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edited
Example: Book, electronic (Constellation eBook)
Witt, G.A., & Mossler, R.A. (2010) Adult Development. Retrieved from https://content.ashford.edu/books/4
Example: Reference book, print
Costello, R. B. (Ed.) (1995). Random House Webster’s College Dictionary. New York, NY. Random House.
Example: Reference book, online In-text citation samples
Mawson, C. O. S. (Ed.). Roget’s international thesaurus of English words and phrases. Retrieved from http://www.bartleby.com/br/110.html
Citing paraphrased information: Paraphased text (Witt & Mossler, 2010) or According to Witt & Mossler (2010), paraphrased text. Citing quoted information: “Quote” (Witt & Mossler, 2010, p. 47). or As stated by Witt & Mossler (2010), “quote” (p. 47). Citing electronic books: If a page number is not available use paragraph numbers (use the abbreviation para.). If the document includes headings but does not provide page or paragraph numbers, cite the heading and the number of the paragraph following the heading. For example, (Wilson, 2010, “Educating Adults,” para. 2).
Reference List Format: Entry or chapter in a book.
Author’s Last Name, Initials. (Publication Year). Title of chapter or entry. In Editor’s first initial, Editor’s Last Name (Ed.) Title of book. (pp. xx-xx). Location: Publisher Author’s Last Name, Initials. (Publication Year). Title of chapter or entry. In Editor’s first initial, Editor’s Last Name (Ed.) Title of book. (pp. xx-xx). Retrieved from http://www.xxxxxxx.xxx Author’s Last Name, Initials. (Publication Year). Title of chapter or entry. In Editor’s first initial, Editor’s Last Name (Ed.) Title of book. (pp. xx-xx). doi:xxxxxxx
Example: Entry in a book In-text citation
Guthrie, W. (2007). This land is your land. In R. DiYanni (Ed.). Literature: Reading fiction, poetry, and drama (6th Ed). (pp. 897-898). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Citing paraphrased information:
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samples Paraphased text (Guthrie, 2007) or In the poem by Guthrie (2007), paraphrased text. Citing quoted information: “Quote” (Guthrie, 2007, p. 898). or As written by Guthrie (2007), “quote” (p. 897). Citing electronic books: If a page number is not available use paragraph numbers (use the abbreviation para.). If the document includes headings but does not provide page or paragraph numbers, cite the heading and the number of the paragraph following the heading. For example, (Guthrie, 2007, “This land is your land”). Reference List Format: Reference work with no author or editor Title of entry. (Publication Year). In Editor’s first initial, Editor’s Last Name (Ed.) Title of reference work. (xx Ed., Vol. xx, pp. xx-xx). Location: Publisher Title of entry. (Publication Year). In Editor’s first initial, Editor’s Last Name (Ed.) Title of reference work. (xx Ed., Vol. xx). Retrieved from http://www.xxxxxxx.xxx If no editor is listed, place the title after the year of publication (see sample below). Example: Reference work, no author or editor, online Cayman Islands. (2008) The World Factbook. Retrieved from http://www.bartleby.com/br/151.html
Technical and Research Reports
Technical and research reports are like journal articles in that they usually cover original research. However, the research may or may not be peer reviewed. Format references to technical and research reports like you would a book.
Reference List Format: Technical and Research Reports
Author’s Last Name, Initials. (Publication Year). Title of work. (Report No. xxx). Location: Publisher Author’s Last Name, Initials. (Publication Year). Title of work. (Report No. xxx). Retrieved from Agency name website: http://www.xxxxxxx.xxx
Example: Corporate author, government report
U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2008). Criminal Justice: Police and Detectives. Retrieved from the Occupational Outlook Handbook Web site: http://www.bls.gov/oco/pdf/ocos160.pdf
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Example: Authored report, nongovernmental organization, online In-text citation samples
Lingenfelter, P.
E., Wright, D. L., & Bisel, T. M. (2005). State Higher Education Finance, FY 2004. (SHEF Report). Retrieved from State Higher Education Officers: http://www.sheeo.org
Citing paraphrased information: Paraphased text (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2008) or As identified by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (2008), paraphrased text. Citing quoted information: “Quote” (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2008, p. 3) or As stated by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (2008), “quote” (p. 3). Citing electronic reports: If a page number is not available use paragraph numbers (use the abbreviation para.). If the document includes headings but does not provide page or paragraph numbers, cite the heading and the number of the paragraph following the heading. For example, (Wilson, 2010, “Educating Adults,” para. 2).
Meetings and Symposia
Proceedings of meetings and symposia that are published in book or periodical form. To cite published proceedings from a book, use the same format as a book or chapter from a book. To cite proceedings that are published regularly, use the same format for a …show more content…
periodical.
Reference List Format: Symposium
Contributor’s Last Name, Initials. (Year, Month). Title of contribution. In Chairperson’s Initials and Last name (Chair). Title of symposium. Symposium conducted at the meeting of Organization Name, Location. Presenter’s Last Name, Initials. (Year, Month). Title of paper or poster. Paper or poster session presented at the meeting of Organization Name, Location.
Reference List Format: Paper Presentation or poster session Example: Symposium
Wight, L.M., & Fox, E. (2009, November). A virtual librarian in any class. In Ury, C. J., Baudino, F., & Park, S. G. (Eds.). Brick and click libraries: Proceedings of an academic library symposium. Symposium conducted at the meeting of Brick and Click Libraries, Northwest Missouri State University, Maryville, MO.
Example: Paper
Rozanova, J. (2007, March). The portrayals of seniors and inequality in the globe and
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or Poster presentation In-text citation samples
mail. Poster session presented at the meeting of Edmonton Aging Symposium, Alberta, Canada. Citing paraphrased information: Paraphased text (Wight & Fox, 2009) or As identified by Wight and Fox (2009), paraphrased text. Citing quoted information: “Quote” (Wight & Fox, 2009, p. 7) or As stated by Wight and Fox (2009), “quote” (p. 7). Citing electronic documents: If a page number is not available use paragraph numbers (use the abbreviation para.). If the document includes headings but does not provide page or paragraph numbers, cite the heading and the number of the paragraph following the heading. For example, (Wilson, 2010, “Educating Adults,” para. 2).
Doctoral Dissertations and Master’s Theses
Doctoral dissertations and master’s theses can be retrieved from subscription databases, intuitional archives and personal websites.
Reference List Format: Dissertation or theses from a database service Reference List Format: Dissertation or theses, unpublished Example: Master’s thesis, from a database Author’s Last Name, Initials (Publication Year). Title of doctoral dissertation or master’s thesis (Doctoral dissertation or master’s thesis). Retrieved from Name of database. (Accession or Order No.)
Author’s Last Name, Initials (Publication Year). Title of doctoral dissertation or master’s thesis (Unpublished doctoral dissertation or master’s thesis). Name of Institution, Location. Meyer, D. A. (1977). Pre-Dorset settlements at the Seahorse Gully site. (Master’s thesis). Retrieved from WorldCatDissertations (Accession No. OCLC: 3535412)
Example: Doctoral dissertation , unpublished In-text citation samples
Smith, J. A. (1982). The social impact of early childhood education. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE.
Citing paraphrased information: Paraphased text (Meyer, 1977)
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or As identified by Meyer (1977), paraphrased text. Citing quoted information: “Quote” (Meyer, 1977, p. 34) or As stated by Meyer (1977), “quote” (p. 34). Citing electronic documents: If a page number is not available use paragraph numbers (use the abbreviation para.). If the document includes headings but does not provide page or paragraph numbers, cite the heading and the number of the paragraph following the heading. For example, (Wilson, 2010, “Educating Adults,” para. 2).
Reviews and Peer Commentary
Reviews of books, motion pictures, and other information or entertainment products. Reviews are published in a variety of venues, including periodicals, websites, and blogs.
Reference List Format: Reviews Reviewer’s Last Name, Initials. (Publication Year). Title of review [Review of the book Title of the Book, by Author’s Initials, Author’s Last Name]. Title of complete work, xx, xxx-xxx. If the review is located online, include the home page URL for the article/review using this format: Retrieved from http://www.xxxxxxxxx.xxx Example: Review of a book, online Handler, D. (2010, July). Innocence lost [Review of the book Citrus County by J. Brandon]. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/18/books/review/Handler-t.html Citing paraphrased information: Paraphased text (Handler, 2010) or As described by Handler (2010) in his review of Citrus County, paraphrased text. Citing quoted information: “Quote” (Handler, 2010, para. 3) or As stated by Handler (2010), “quote” (para. 3). Citing electronic reviews: If a page number is not available use paragraph numbers (use the abbreviation para.). If the document includes headings but does not provide page or paragraph numbers, cite the heading and the number of the paragraph following the heading. For example, (Wilson, 2010, “Educating Adults,” para. 2).
In-text citation samples
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Audiovisual Media
Movies, audio or television broadcasts, and static works such as artwork or photos.
Reference List Format: Motion Picture Reference List Format: Music Recording Producer’s Last Name, Initials (Producer), & Director’s Last Name, Initials (Director). (Year). Title of motion picture [Motion Picture]. Country of Origin: Studio.
Writer’s Last Name, Initials (Copyright year). Title of Song [Recorded by Initials, Artist’s Last Name if different from writer]. On Title of album [Medium of recording: CD, record, cassette, etc.] Location: Label. (Date of recording if different from song copyright date)
Example: Video
Auer, J. & Looze, C. (Producers), & Looze, C. (Director). (1993). A partner to genius: Olgivanna Lloyd Wright [Videorecording]. Milwaukee, WI: WMVS WMVT.
Example: Podcast
Wood, S. (Producer). (2010, June 29). Five tips for hiring A-player employees [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.smbtrendwire.com/2010/06/29/5-tips-for-hiring- a-player-employees/
In-text citation samples
Paraphased text (Auer & Looze, 1993) or As described in the video, A partner to genius: Olgivanna Lloyd Wright (Auer & Looze, 1993), paraphrased text.
Data Sets, Software, Measurement Instruments, and Apparatus
Raw data and tools that aid persons in performing tasks such as data analysis or measurement
Reference List Format: Program Rightholder’s Last Name, Initials (Year). Title of program (Version number) [Description of form]. Location: Name of producer Rightholder’s Last Name, Initials (Year). Title of program (Version number) [Description of form]. Retrieved from http://www.xxxx.xxx Example: Data set Federal Agency Forum on Aging-Related Statistics (2010). Data sources on older Americans 2009 [Data file]. Retrieved from http://www.agingstats.gov/agingstatsdotnet/main_site/default.aspx
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Example: Software In-text citation samples
Microsoft (2010).
Expression studio 4 ultimate [Computer software]. Retrieved from http://www.microsoft.com/expression/ Citing paraphrased information: Paraphased text (Microsoft, 2010) or As identified by Microsoft (2010) in describing the features of Expression Studio 4, paraphrased text. Citing quoted information: “Quote” (Microsoft, 2010, “Product Specifications”) or As stated by Microsoft (2010), “quote” (“Product Specifications”). Citing electronic work: If a page number is not available use paragraph numbers (use the abbreviation para.). If the document includes headings but does not provide page or paragraph numbers, cite the heading and the number of the paragraph following the heading. For example, (Wilson, 2010, “Educating Adults,” para. 2).
Unpublished and Informally Published Works
Work that is in progress, has been submitted for publication or has been completed but not submitted for publication. Also includes work that is available on a personal or institutional website.
Reference List Format: Unpublished work Example: Unpublished manuscript with a university cited Example: Informally published or self-archived work, from ERIC In-text citation samples Author’s Last Name, Initials. (Year). Title of manuscript. Unpublished manuscript [or “Manuscript submitted for publication,” or “Manuscript in preparation”].
Andrews, N. A. (1992). Athletic training and sports management programs. Unpublished manuscript. College of Education and Health Professions, University
of Arkansas, Little Rock, AK.
Rodolfo, R. (1988). Exploring alternatives to consolidation. Retrieved from ERIC database. (ED296817)
Citing paraphrased information: Paraphased text (Rodolfo, 1988) or As identified by Rodolfo (1988), paraphrased text.
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Citing quoted information: “Quote” (Rodolfo, 1988, p. 3) or As stated by Rodolfo (1998), “quote” (p. 3). Citing electronic works: If a page number is not available use paragraph numbers (use the abbreviation para.). If the document includes headings but does not provide page or paragraph numbers, cite the heading and the number of the paragraph following the heading. For example, (Wilson, 2010, “Educating Adults,” para. 2).
Archival Documents and Collections
Letters, unpublished manuscripts, limited-circulation brochures and pamphlets, in house institutional and corporate documents, clippings, and other documents. Also includes non-text materials such as photographs that are a personal possession or part of an institutional collection.
Reference List Format: Archival Documents Example: Collection of letters from an archive In text citation for specific letters:
Author’s Last Name, Initials. (Year, Month Day). Title of material. [Description of material]. Name of Collection (Call number, Box number, File name or number, etc.). Name of Repository, Location. Wright, F. L. (1867-1959). Correspondence. Frank Lloyd Wright Archives. Getty Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA. (Wright, F. L., 1867-1959, Wright to Recipient’s Initials and Last Name, Month day, Year of correspondence).
Internet Message Boards, Electronic Mailing Lists, and Other Online Communities
Blogs, newsgroups, online forums and discussion groups, electronic mailing lists
Reference List Format: Online posts Example: Message posted to a newsgroup, online forum, or discussion group
Author’s Last Name, Initials. (Year, Month Day). Title of post [Description of form]. Retrieved from http://www.xxxx.xxx
Miller, H. (2010, July 19). Re: Application: Literacy development and content instruction [Online forum comment]. Retrieved from http://classroom.ashford.edu/
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Example: Message posted to an electronic mailing list
Curtis, J. (1998, December 1). Re: No! A thousand times no! [Electronic mailing list message]. Retrieved from http://www.media-ecology.org/list/mediaecology/199812.txt
Example: Blog post
Batchelder, A. (2010, July 6). Students brains are being digitally rewired [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://literacyispriceless.wordpress.com/
Example: Video blog post In-text citation samples
JamesESL. (2009, August 8). How to write an effective essay [Video file]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nWqMQ26Gqi4 Citing paraphrased information: Paraphased text (Miller, 2010) or As shared by Miller (2010), paraphrased text. Citing quoted information: “Quote” (Miller, 2010, para. 3) or As stated by Miller (2010), “quote” (para. 2). Citing electronic postings: use paragraph numbers (use the abbreviation para.) or the title of the posting. For example, (Wilson, 2010, “Response to Tonya,” para. 2).
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This guide contains examples of references in APA style. The references are grouped by category: periodicals; books and reference books; technical and research reports; meetings and symposia; doctoral dissertations and master’s theses; reviews and peer commentary; audiovisual media; data sets, software, measurement instruments, and apparatus; unpublished and informally published works; archival documents and collections; and internet message boards, electronic mailing lists, and other online communities. In addition, general samples of corresponding citations are provided within each reference category.
Periodicals
Items published on a regular basis such as journals, magazines, newspapers, and newsletters. …show more content…
Reference List Format
Author’s Last Name, Initials. (Publication Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume # (issue #), pp-pp. doi:xx.xxxxxxxxxx If no digital object identifier (DOI) is assigned, include the home page URL for the periodical using this format: Retrieved from http://www.xxxxxxxxx.xxx
Example: Journal article with DOI
Florian, R. V. (2010). Challenges for interactivist-constructivist robotics. New Ideas in Psychology, 28(3), 350-353. doi: 10.1016/j.newideapsych.2009.09.009
Example: Journal article without DOI
Santovec, M. (2008). Easing the transition improves grad retention at Trinity U. Women in Higher Education, 17(10), 32. Retrieved from http://www.wihe.com/
Example: Magazine article, print
Sloan, C., Booth, S., & Tate, A. (2010, July). Why I became an American. Real Simple. 186-192.
Example: Online magazine article
Cendrowicz, L. (2010, July). Will Europe’s bank stress tests bring calm or spread more fear? Time. Retrieved from http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,2005557,00.html
Example: Online newspaper article
Tobin Ramos, R. (2010, July 22). UPS profit nearly doubles in second quarter. The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved from http://www.ajc.com
1
Example: Newsletter article In-text citation samples
Burnside, P. (2010, July). Why EFTPS is a good fit for governments. FSLG Newsletter. Retrieved from http://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-tege/p4090_0710.pdf Citing paraphrased information: Paraphased text (Santovec, 2008) or According to Santovec (2008), paraphrased text. Citing quoted information: “Quote” (Santovec, 2008, para. 3). or As stated by Santovec (2008), “quote” (para. 3). Citing online publications: If a page number is not available use paragraph numbers (use the abbreviation para.). If the document includes headings but does not provide page or paragraph numbers, cite the heading and the number of the paragraph following the heading. For example, (Wilson, 2010, “Educating Adults,” para. 2).
Books, Reference Books, & Book Chapters
Books and reference books such as encyclopedias, dictionaries, and discipline-specific reference books. Also includes books that are published in electronic form.
Reference List Format: Book (print or electronic) Author’s Last Name, Initials. (Publication Year). Title of book. Location: Publisher Author’s Last Name, Initials. (Publication Year). Title of book. Retrieved from http://www.xxxxxxx.xxx Author’s Last Name, Initials. (Publication Year). Title of book. doi:xxxxxxx Editor’s Last Name, Initials. (Ed.). (Publication Year). Title of book. Location: Publisher
Example: Book, print version
Diaz-Rico, L. T. (2008). A course for teaching English learners. Boston, MA: Pearson.
Example: Book, Ashford custom edition
Ivancevich, J.M., Matteson, M..T., Bateman, T.S., Snell, S.A., Kreitner, R., & Kinicki, A. (2007). Organizational change. (Ashford University ed.). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill.
Example: Book, compilation or
Easton, T.A. (Ed.). (2008). Clashing views on environmental issues (12th ed.). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill.
2
edited
Example: Book, electronic (Constellation eBook)
Witt, G.A., & Mossler, R.A. (2010) Adult Development. Retrieved from https://content.ashford.edu/books/4
Example: Reference book, print
Costello, R. B. (Ed.) (1995). Random House Webster’s College Dictionary. New York, NY. Random House.
Example: Reference book, online In-text citation samples
Mawson, C. O. S. (Ed.). Roget’s international thesaurus of English words and phrases. Retrieved from http://www.bartleby.com/br/110.html
Citing paraphrased information: Paraphased text (Witt & Mossler, 2010) or According to Witt & Mossler (2010), paraphrased text. Citing quoted information: “Quote” (Witt & Mossler, 2010, p. 47). or As stated by Witt & Mossler (2010), “quote” (p. 47). Citing electronic books: If a page number is not available use paragraph numbers (use the abbreviation para.). If the document includes headings but does not provide page or paragraph numbers, cite the heading and the number of the paragraph following the heading. For example, (Wilson, 2010, “Educating Adults,” para. 2).
Reference List Format: Entry or chapter in a book.
Author’s Last Name, Initials. (Publication Year). Title of chapter or entry. In Editor’s first initial, Editor’s Last Name (Ed.) Title of book. (pp. xx-xx). Location: Publisher Author’s Last Name, Initials. (Publication Year). Title of chapter or entry. In Editor’s first initial, Editor’s Last Name (Ed.) Title of book. (pp. xx-xx). Retrieved from http://www.xxxxxxx.xxx Author’s Last Name, Initials. (Publication Year). Title of chapter or entry. In Editor’s first initial, Editor’s Last Name (Ed.) Title of book. (pp. xx-xx). doi:xxxxxxx
Example: Entry in a book In-text citation
Guthrie, W. (2007). This land is your land. In R. DiYanni (Ed.). Literature: Reading fiction, poetry, and drama (6th Ed). (pp. 897-898). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Citing paraphrased information:
3
samples Paraphased text (Guthrie, 2007) or In the poem by Guthrie (2007), paraphrased text. Citing quoted information: “Quote” (Guthrie, 2007, p. 898). or As written by Guthrie (2007), “quote” (p. 897). Citing electronic books: If a page number is not available use paragraph numbers (use the abbreviation para.). If the document includes headings but does not provide page or paragraph numbers, cite the heading and the number of the paragraph following the heading. For example, (Guthrie, 2007, “This land is your land”). Reference List Format: Reference work with no author or editor Title of entry. (Publication Year). In Editor’s first initial, Editor’s Last Name (Ed.) Title of reference work. (xx Ed., Vol. xx, pp. xx-xx). Location: Publisher Title of entry. (Publication Year). In Editor’s first initial, Editor’s Last Name (Ed.) Title of reference work. (xx Ed., Vol. xx). Retrieved from http://www.xxxxxxx.xxx If no editor is listed, place the title after the year of publication (see sample below). Example: Reference work, no author or editor, online Cayman Islands. (2008) The World Factbook. Retrieved from http://www.bartleby.com/br/151.html
Technical and Research Reports
Technical and research reports are like journal articles in that they usually cover original research. However, the research may or may not be peer reviewed. Format references to technical and research reports like you would a book.
Reference List Format: Technical and Research Reports
Author’s Last Name, Initials. (Publication Year). Title of work. (Report No. xxx). Location: Publisher Author’s Last Name, Initials. (Publication Year). Title of work. (Report No. xxx). Retrieved from Agency name website: http://www.xxxxxxx.xxx
Example: Corporate author, government report
U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2008). Criminal Justice: Police and Detectives. Retrieved from the Occupational Outlook Handbook Web site: http://www.bls.gov/oco/pdf/ocos160.pdf
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Example: Authored report, nongovernmental organization, online In-text citation samples
Lingenfelter, P.
E., Wright, D. L., & Bisel, T. M. (2005). State Higher Education Finance, FY 2004. (SHEF Report). Retrieved from State Higher Education Officers: http://www.sheeo.org
Citing paraphrased information: Paraphased text (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2008) or As identified by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (2008), paraphrased text. Citing quoted information: “Quote” (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2008, p. 3) or As stated by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (2008), “quote” (p. 3). Citing electronic reports: If a page number is not available use paragraph numbers (use the abbreviation para.). If the document includes headings but does not provide page or paragraph numbers, cite the heading and the number of the paragraph following the heading. For example, (Wilson, 2010, “Educating Adults,” para. 2).
Meetings and Symposia
Proceedings of meetings and symposia that are published in book or periodical form. To cite published proceedings from a book, use the same format as a book or chapter from a book. To cite proceedings that are published regularly, use the same format for a …show more content…
periodical.
Reference List Format: Symposium
Contributor’s Last Name, Initials. (Year, Month). Title of contribution. In Chairperson’s Initials and Last name (Chair). Title of symposium. Symposium conducted at the meeting of Organization Name, Location. Presenter’s Last Name, Initials. (Year, Month). Title of paper or poster. Paper or poster session presented at the meeting of Organization Name, Location.
Reference List Format: Paper Presentation or poster session Example: Symposium
Wight, L.M., & Fox, E. (2009, November). A virtual librarian in any class. In Ury, C. J., Baudino, F., & Park, S. G. (Eds.). Brick and click libraries: Proceedings of an academic library symposium. Symposium conducted at the meeting of Brick and Click Libraries, Northwest Missouri State University, Maryville, MO.
Example: Paper
Rozanova, J. (2007, March). The portrayals of seniors and inequality in the globe and
5
or Poster presentation In-text citation samples
mail. Poster session presented at the meeting of Edmonton Aging Symposium, Alberta, Canada. Citing paraphrased information: Paraphased text (Wight & Fox, 2009) or As identified by Wight and Fox (2009), paraphrased text. Citing quoted information: “Quote” (Wight & Fox, 2009, p. 7) or As stated by Wight and Fox (2009), “quote” (p. 7). Citing electronic documents: If a page number is not available use paragraph numbers (use the abbreviation para.). If the document includes headings but does not provide page or paragraph numbers, cite the heading and the number of the paragraph following the heading. For example, (Wilson, 2010, “Educating Adults,” para. 2).
Doctoral Dissertations and Master’s Theses
Doctoral dissertations and master’s theses can be retrieved from subscription databases, intuitional archives and personal websites.
Reference List Format: Dissertation or theses from a database service Reference List Format: Dissertation or theses, unpublished Example: Master’s thesis, from a database Author’s Last Name, Initials (Publication Year). Title of doctoral dissertation or master’s thesis (Doctoral dissertation or master’s thesis). Retrieved from Name of database. (Accession or Order No.)
Author’s Last Name, Initials (Publication Year). Title of doctoral dissertation or master’s thesis (Unpublished doctoral dissertation or master’s thesis). Name of Institution, Location. Meyer, D. A. (1977). Pre-Dorset settlements at the Seahorse Gully site. (Master’s thesis). Retrieved from WorldCatDissertations (Accession No. OCLC: 3535412)
Example: Doctoral dissertation , unpublished In-text citation samples
Smith, J. A. (1982). The social impact of early childhood education. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE.
Citing paraphrased information: Paraphased text (Meyer, 1977)
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or As identified by Meyer (1977), paraphrased text. Citing quoted information: “Quote” (Meyer, 1977, p. 34) or As stated by Meyer (1977), “quote” (p. 34). Citing electronic documents: If a page number is not available use paragraph numbers (use the abbreviation para.). If the document includes headings but does not provide page or paragraph numbers, cite the heading and the number of the paragraph following the heading. For example, (Wilson, 2010, “Educating Adults,” para. 2).
Reviews and Peer Commentary
Reviews of books, motion pictures, and other information or entertainment products. Reviews are published in a variety of venues, including periodicals, websites, and blogs.
Reference List Format: Reviews Reviewer’s Last Name, Initials. (Publication Year). Title of review [Review of the book Title of the Book, by Author’s Initials, Author’s Last Name]. Title of complete work, xx, xxx-xxx. If the review is located online, include the home page URL for the article/review using this format: Retrieved from http://www.xxxxxxxxx.xxx Example: Review of a book, online Handler, D. (2010, July). Innocence lost [Review of the book Citrus County by J. Brandon]. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/18/books/review/Handler-t.html Citing paraphrased information: Paraphased text (Handler, 2010) or As described by Handler (2010) in his review of Citrus County, paraphrased text. Citing quoted information: “Quote” (Handler, 2010, para. 3) or As stated by Handler (2010), “quote” (para. 3). Citing electronic reviews: If a page number is not available use paragraph numbers (use the abbreviation para.). If the document includes headings but does not provide page or paragraph numbers, cite the heading and the number of the paragraph following the heading. For example, (Wilson, 2010, “Educating Adults,” para. 2).
In-text citation samples
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Audiovisual Media
Movies, audio or television broadcasts, and static works such as artwork or photos.
Reference List Format: Motion Picture Reference List Format: Music Recording Producer’s Last Name, Initials (Producer), & Director’s Last Name, Initials (Director). (Year). Title of motion picture [Motion Picture]. Country of Origin: Studio.
Writer’s Last Name, Initials (Copyright year). Title of Song [Recorded by Initials, Artist’s Last Name if different from writer]. On Title of album [Medium of recording: CD, record, cassette, etc.] Location: Label. (Date of recording if different from song copyright date)
Example: Video
Auer, J. & Looze, C. (Producers), & Looze, C. (Director). (1993). A partner to genius: Olgivanna Lloyd Wright [Videorecording]. Milwaukee, WI: WMVS WMVT.
Example: Podcast
Wood, S. (Producer). (2010, June 29). Five tips for hiring A-player employees [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.smbtrendwire.com/2010/06/29/5-tips-for-hiring- a-player-employees/
In-text citation samples
Paraphased text (Auer & Looze, 1993) or As described in the video, A partner to genius: Olgivanna Lloyd Wright (Auer & Looze, 1993), paraphrased text.
Data Sets, Software, Measurement Instruments, and Apparatus
Raw data and tools that aid persons in performing tasks such as data analysis or measurement
Reference List Format: Program Rightholder’s Last Name, Initials (Year). Title of program (Version number) [Description of form]. Location: Name of producer Rightholder’s Last Name, Initials (Year). Title of program (Version number) [Description of form]. Retrieved from http://www.xxxx.xxx Example: Data set Federal Agency Forum on Aging-Related Statistics (2010). Data sources on older Americans 2009 [Data file]. Retrieved from http://www.agingstats.gov/agingstatsdotnet/main_site/default.aspx
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Example: Software In-text citation samples
Microsoft (2010).
Expression studio 4 ultimate [Computer software]. Retrieved from http://www.microsoft.com/expression/ Citing paraphrased information: Paraphased text (Microsoft, 2010) or As identified by Microsoft (2010) in describing the features of Expression Studio 4, paraphrased text. Citing quoted information: “Quote” (Microsoft, 2010, “Product Specifications”) or As stated by Microsoft (2010), “quote” (“Product Specifications”). Citing electronic work: If a page number is not available use paragraph numbers (use the abbreviation para.). If the document includes headings but does not provide page or paragraph numbers, cite the heading and the number of the paragraph following the heading. For example, (Wilson, 2010, “Educating Adults,” para. 2).
Unpublished and Informally Published Works
Work that is in progress, has been submitted for publication or has been completed but not submitted for publication. Also includes work that is available on a personal or institutional website.
Reference List Format: Unpublished work Example: Unpublished manuscript with a university cited Example: Informally published or self-archived work, from ERIC In-text citation samples Author’s Last Name, Initials. (Year). Title of manuscript. Unpublished manuscript [or “Manuscript submitted for publication,” or “Manuscript in preparation”].
Andrews, N. A. (1992). Athletic training and sports management programs. Unpublished manuscript. College of Education and Health Professions, University
of Arkansas, Little Rock, AK.
Rodolfo, R. (1988). Exploring alternatives to consolidation. Retrieved from ERIC database. (ED296817)
Citing paraphrased information: Paraphased text (Rodolfo, 1988) or As identified by Rodolfo (1988), paraphrased text.
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Citing quoted information: “Quote” (Rodolfo, 1988, p. 3) or As stated by Rodolfo (1998), “quote” (p. 3). Citing electronic works: If a page number is not available use paragraph numbers (use the abbreviation para.). If the document includes headings but does not provide page or paragraph numbers, cite the heading and the number of the paragraph following the heading. For example, (Wilson, 2010, “Educating Adults,” para. 2).
Archival Documents and Collections
Letters, unpublished manuscripts, limited-circulation brochures and pamphlets, in house institutional and corporate documents, clippings, and other documents. Also includes non-text materials such as photographs that are a personal possession or part of an institutional collection.
Reference List Format: Archival Documents Example: Collection of letters from an archive In text citation for specific letters:
Author’s Last Name, Initials. (Year, Month Day). Title of material. [Description of material]. Name of Collection (Call number, Box number, File name or number, etc.). Name of Repository, Location. Wright, F. L. (1867-1959). Correspondence. Frank Lloyd Wright Archives. Getty Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA. (Wright, F. L., 1867-1959, Wright to Recipient’s Initials and Last Name, Month day, Year of correspondence).
Internet Message Boards, Electronic Mailing Lists, and Other Online Communities
Blogs, newsgroups, online forums and discussion groups, electronic mailing lists
Reference List Format: Online posts Example: Message posted to a newsgroup, online forum, or discussion group
Author’s Last Name, Initials. (Year, Month Day). Title of post [Description of form]. Retrieved from http://www.xxxx.xxx
Miller, H. (2010, July 19). Re: Application: Literacy development and content instruction [Online forum comment]. Retrieved from http://classroom.ashford.edu/
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Example: Message posted to an electronic mailing list
Curtis, J. (1998, December 1). Re: No! A thousand times no! [Electronic mailing list message]. Retrieved from http://www.media-ecology.org/list/mediaecology/199812.txt
Example: Blog post
Batchelder, A. (2010, July 6). Students brains are being digitally rewired [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://literacyispriceless.wordpress.com/
Example: Video blog post In-text citation samples
JamesESL. (2009, August 8). How to write an effective essay [Video file]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nWqMQ26Gqi4 Citing paraphrased information: Paraphased text (Miller, 2010) or As shared by Miller (2010), paraphrased text. Citing quoted information: “Quote” (Miller, 2010, para. 3) or As stated by Miller (2010), “quote” (para. 2). Citing electronic postings: use paragraph numbers (use the abbreviation para.) or the title of the posting. For example, (Wilson, 2010, “Response to Tonya,” para. 2).
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