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Active Citizenship - a Means of Exclusion

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Active Citizenship - a Means of Exclusion
Assignment 2

ACTIVE CITIZENSHIP - A means of exclusion?

It has been claimed that schools should be ‘society 's chosen agency for training for citizenship '. Discuss the link between citizenship and education and ways in which this relationship has changed over the 20th century.

Illustrate your discussion with reference to aspects of Australia education and students with disabilities.

ACTIVE CITIZENSHIP - A means of exclusion?

Although institutions such as the family and church play a significant role in preparing children for adult life, schools are Australia 's primary training ground for its future citizens. Marginson (1997) claims that unlike other institutions, schools remain open to government intervention and social change (Marginson, 1997, p.5) and therefore enable the promotion of certain values, certain knowledges – all of which are determined by the government. This essay will argue that schools are thus clearly a training ground for citizenship, but differentially so. Society is made up of various groups – gender, race, ethnic, religious, socio-economic – each of which is positioned differentially in relation to the rights and opportunities available to them as Australian citizens. One such group is children labelled as ‘special ' – children with disabilities. The purpose of this essay is to examine citizenship as it relates to education, and ‘special education ' particularly, and the ways in which this relationship has changed over the past century.

According to The American Webster 's Dictionary of Law, a citizen is "a native or naturalized individual who owes allegiance to a government and is entitled to the enjoyment of governmental protection and to the exercise of civil rights" ("Merriam-Webster 's dictionary of law", 1996). Citizenship is the active state of being a citizen. Education is the knowledge and development resulting from the process of being educated ("Merriam-Webster 's Dictionary of Law", 1996), whilst ‘special



Bibliography: Barcan, A. (1980). A history of Australian education. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. Crittenden, B. (1995). The revival of civics in the school curriculum: Comments on the report of the civics expert group. Melbourne Studies in Education, 36(2), pp. 21-30. Davies, I., Gregory, I., & Riley, S. (1999). Good citizenship and educational provision. London: Falmer Publishing. Davies, L. (2001). Citizenship, education and contradiction. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 22(2). Gordon, T., Holland, J., & Lahelma, E. (2000). Making spaces: Citizenship and difference in schools. Basingstoke: Macmillan Publishing Co. Hill, B. (1996). Civics and citizenship and the teaching of values. Unicorn, 22(1), pp. 34-43. Kennedy, K. J. (2000). Building civic capacity for a new century: Engaging young people in civic institutions and civil society. Asia Pacific Education Review, 1(1), 23-30. Kennedy, K. J. (2003). Preparing young Australians for an uncertain future: New thinking about citizenship education. Teaching Education, 14(1), 53-67. Kerr, D. (1999). Citizenship education in the curriculum: An international review, The School Field (pp. 5-32): National Foundation for Educational Research. Lewis, R. (1999). Preparing students for democratic citizenship: Codes of conduct in Victoria 's 'schools of the future '. Educational Research and Evaluation, 5(1), 41-61. Macintyre, S. (1996). Diversity, citizenship and the curriculum. In K. Kennedy (Ed.), New challenges for citizenship education (pp. 23-38). Canberra: Australian Curriculum Studies Association. Madden, R., & Hogan, T. (1997). The definition of disability in Australia: Moving towards national consistency. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (Vol. 5). Canberra. Marginson, S. (1997). Educating Australia: Government, economy and citizen since 1960. University of Melbourne, Australia: Cambridge University Press. Marshall, A. (1997). Citizenship and social class. In R. E. Goodin & P. Petitt (Eds.), Contemporary political philosophy (pp. 291-319). Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. Martin, L. (1964). Tertiary Education in Australia. Report of the Committee on the Future of Tertiary Education in Australia to the Australian Universities Commission, Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra. McRae, D. (1996). The integration/inclusion feasibility study. Prepared for the Minister of Education and Training, NSW. NSW Department of School Education, Special Education Directorate Meekosha, H., & Dowse, L Merriam-Webster 's Dictionary of Law. (1996). Retrieved July 22nd, 2005, from http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=citizen Olssen, M Ross, E. W. (2004). Negotiating the politics of citizenship education. Political Science and Politics, April 2004, pp. 249-254. Schools and TAFE: Election policy. (1996). Liberal and National Parties Policy Documents.

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