Ependymal cells engulf and destroy microbes and cellular debris in inflamed or degenerating brain tissue.…
What is the protection to the brain including the meninges (in order) ? Know the spaces between them and what each space contains…
These cytokines cause inflammation because they cause vasodilatation which makes blood rush to the injured site.…
5. Why white blood cells in a stained blood smear are usually counted at low power under a microscope? Explain your answer. Because they are bigger than other blood cells.…
What can the brain do to repair itself after traumatic injury? What does the recovery of the b...…
2. List specific reasons why the inflammatory response is considered a body defense mechanism. -…
Presentation of Ag to naïve T cell → activation ↓ Activated T cells attach to venular endothelium of peripheral nerves ↓ Migrate through endothelial lining to perivascular location ↓ Sensitized → contact myelin → segmental demyelination…
TBI is categorized according to its severity (1) concussion, (2) contusion and (3) laceration. Concussion is defined as caused by a blow to the head that bruises the brain. The bruising causes tiny blood vessels, or capillaries, in the brain to rupture, which compromises blood supply to the neurons supported by those capillaries. Contusion is defined as head trauma in which the head is jarred with such force that the brain becomes shifted in the skull and is badly bruised. And finally, laceration is defined as tearing of the brain, particularly the outer surface of the brain. Objects such as bullets that penetrate the skull will enter the brain and rip through brain tissue, unraveling neural connections and causing massive bleeding, or…
Both systems are connected by the brain; the brain uses nerve cells (nervous system) to send messages to the immune system to trigger an immune response. For example, the vagus nerve sends signals from the brain to the spleen. Along this path, action potentials move down the nerve to the abdomen, which terminates the nerve cells that send their fibers to the spleen. These fibers release a signaling molecule that binds to T lymphocytes. The signaling molecule then attaches receptors to the T cells which begin production of acetylcholine, which then attaches to macrophages, which produce TNF. The techniques being developed to control inflammatory diseases will most likely involve deciphering the electrical signals carried in nerves to diagnose and control inflammatory…
The immune response is activated the moment an infection is detected, neutrophils release antimicrobial substances viz. antimicrobial peptides, reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), protease and lysozymes. However, S. aureus presents a defense by releasing antioxidant enzymes like the catalase and superoxide dismutase which counteract ROS, RNS and their effects. The antimicrobial peptides have also been found to be neutralized and degraded by S. aureus. As a preventive measure S. aureus also destroys neutrophils through secretion of toxins. The bacteria further survives in the host by acquiring of nutrients from the host especially Iron (Fe). The major part of the iron (95%) is…
In an unharmed state the brain is competent of performing innumerable tasks quicker than the blink of an eye. Even with fraction of it being injured due to a mishap or illness, the brain has still established that it can persist to function though typically at an abridged capacity. The flexibility of the brain and the aptitude for it to recompense for definite injuries is truly a feeling. Though we now have a clutch on the brain and the functions that take place within it, it is and will almost certainly remain anonymity and continue to require research for a long period of…
Innate Immunity First Line of Defense: Skin and mucous membranes. Skin provides a barrier (epidermis); mucous membranes trap microbes and foreign substances and either eject them out of the body or sends them to an organ where they are destroyed.…
1. Multiple Sclerosis is a neurological autoimmune disease, which involves the central nervous system (brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves).…
Ward-Abel, N., & Burgoyne, T. (2008). The importance of the immune response in multiple sclerosis, part 1: pathophysiology. British Journal Of Neuroscience Nursing, 4(5), 212.…
The Lenrow, M.D., David, Joanne Finegan, and Stewart L Cohen. (2001) Website explains, “Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a complex injury with a broad spectrum of symptoms and disabilities. The impact on a person and his or her family can be devastating”. Head injuries are a serious problem. Whenever you are dealing with the brain, you want to take everything about the injury very seriously. Since our brain identifies who we are, the consequences of a brain injury can affect all aspects of our lives, or even including our personality. An injury in these areas limits the use of a specific part of your body, but your personality and mental abilities remain unaffected. Injuring the brain has different effects on people because it depends on the brain part that was injured. This determines the form of recovery treatment that is necessary for the brain to return to its normal operating condition. A traumatic brain injury is a disability that comes from an injury to the brain. This includes the brain stem that will result in impaired cognitive, physical, or emotional functioning. If there is mild loss of consciousness or…