11. Agarose gel the substrate used to separate molecules. Contains microscopic pores that allow…
Also added was 0.45mL water and 0.165mL acetic anhydride and a magnetic spin vane. An air condenser was attached to the vial and it was heated on an aluminum block, with a temperature maintained at 120C. After the solution dissolved, it was heated an extra 20 minutes to allow the reaction to go to completion then cooled back to room temperature. An ice bath was used to encourage crystal growth. The crystals were removed and centrifuged, then placed on a pre-weighed watch glass to dry and weigh. Percent recovery was found. A small sample was set aside for melting…
The stacking gel was used to make sure all the proteins start separating at about the same time. It has a larger pore size so that the larger protein can move in easily. The SDS and heating was used to denature the proteins, the proteins then loaded into the lane. When apply the electrical field, the proteins will move toward the bottom, which is the positive anode. Also, the Tris-glycine will enter the stacking gel. The pH of stacking gel is 6.8, it makes the proteins less negative because the amino acids are protonated at equilibrium. Because the glycine moves slower than chloride ion, a Gly-chloride ion boundary is formed. But, glycine still runs little bit faster than other proteins. Therefore, the proteins are trapped between chloride ion and glycine. A very tight band is formed inside the stacking gel by the…
The main objective of this lab was to observe the activity of enzyme peroxidase in real time under different experimental conditions. To see how peroxidase reacts with its substrate guaiacol under different conditions. We measure the amount of substances per test tube and then combine all of them together. Each test tube contains a measured amount of any listed substances including H₂O. Each measured amount of peroxidase along with its substrate guaiacol, and other listed substances will show how actively the enzyme oxidizes the substrate. To measure the…
Xylene is an excellent solvent for both anthracene and maleic anhydride, as evidenced by their complete solubility in the early part of the synthesis. Due to this fact, any unreacted starting materials would remain soluble throughout the recrystallization process. Additionally, the Diels-Alder product is soluble in boiling xylene, but insoluble in cool xylene. This makes for an ideal recrystallization solvent. The purified crystals that were collected from the recrystallization were a faint off-white color,…
The intention of this lab is to analyze the formation of acetylferrocene using column chromatography. The Friedel-Crafts acylation reaction created acetylferrocene and diacetylferrocene, using phosphoric acid as a catalyst for the reaction between acetic anhydride and ferrocene (once applying heat). During column chromatography, a solution is passed through a filtration system of silica, sand, and cotton. This creates colored or colorless bands, dependent on the type of chemical compound, and is comparable to a reverse TLC test. The differences in polarity pull down the compounds at different rates, allowing for the separation.…
the polyaddition reaction, which is a special case of polycondensation, with the difference that the reaction product is exclusively the polymer. In the classical polycondensation reactions, the products are: the polycondensation polymer and a low molecular weight (MW) compound (water, alcohols, and so on). The fact that in the polyaddition reactions the product is only the polymer is of great technological importance, especially for the purity and the morphology of the resulting macromolecular…
* Spontaneous generation of polymers, replication of more complex molecules, required high [monomers], templates and catalysts and the retention of new metabolic products…
To keep it as simple as possible, (K.I.S.S.) this topic involves the study of: 1. POLYMERS FROM PETROCHEMICALS & BIOMASS…
6. Chemical reactions that link two or more small molecules to form larger molecules with repeating structural units POLYMERIZATION REACTION…
How do you build a polymer? How do you breakdown a polymer? Build by dehydration from monomers and take out wather, break down by hydrolysis add water to form monomers…
Oligomers create the structure and the backbone of the gel system. The other main ingredient is photoinitiator. The photoinitiator jump starts the polymerization process and helps the gel adhere to the natural nail. In order to start the polymerization process, the Gel needs to be put under the UV light, and the process is called curing unless it will never dry. The UV light lands on the light spectrum at about 400 wavelengthand in between X-ray and infrared. The ultra violet light gives energy to the photoinitiator, which is sensitive to light, and it starts to decompose into free radicals. Even though it varies upon the UV light lamp, gel polishes can be cured in about 1 minute through these…
In order to do this, we will be using the following materials: Yeast Packet (this will be our enzyme, which comes from (source)), 30 mL 3% Hydrogen Peroxide (this will be our substrate), (2) 250 mL Beakers, 3 Balloons, H 2 O 2, Measuring Spoon, Permanent Marker, Ruler, 30 cm String, 3 Test Tubes (Glass), Test Tube Rack, Stopwatch, 3 Acidic Solutions (Orange juice, 4.5% Acetic Acid (Vinegar), C 2 H 4 O, and saliva).…
The problem of the experiment was how do the different chemical compounds (NH4Cl, CaCl2, NaCl) affect the temperature (oC) when mixed with 50.0 mL of water. The hypothesis being studied in this experiment was, if three different chemical compounds (NH4Cl, CaCl2, NaCl) are individually mixed with 50.0 mL of water, then the mixture with Calcium Chloride (CaCl2) will have the biggest decrease in temperature, because it has the biggest molecules so it will react more with the water. The data from the experiment rejects this hypothesis. The experiment suggests that Ammonium Chloride decreases the temperature of the water most drastically. For example the starting temperature of the water began at 20.0 oC then when Calcium Chloride was stirred in…
During swelling and dissolution of polymeric materials, the solute molecules diffuse to and occupy positions among the polymer macromolecules. Increasing both the degrees of crosslinking and crystallinity will enhance a polymer's resistance to these types of degradation since there will be a greater degree of intermolecular bonding between adjacent chains. For linear polymers that are highly crystalline, the intermolecular bonds are secondary ones and relatively weak in comparison to the strong covalent bonds associated with the crosslinks.…