Animal Driven Machine In River Transportation Essay
HIS2129 – Recapitulation
Lecture #3 – Canals, Raftsmen, and Snakeheads 1. Was moving goods over a macadam road cheaper than on water?
It was cheaper and faster to move goods over water due to roads that were uneven in quality. 2. Can a river or lake be part of a canal?
Absolutely. Rivers could be improved with weirs, flash locks, and levees. Canals may include cuttings as well as improved stretches of river. 3. In what U.S. state do we find the first macadam road?
Maryland, in 1823 on the Baltimore to Ohio route. 4. In what Canadian province do we find the first macadam road?
Quebec. St. Jean to Laprairie on the St. Lawrence in 1832. 5. Name one Mediterranean country where a canal was built in Antiquity?
Italy. …show more content…
The Romans and the Egyptians built a canal to connect the Nile to the Red Sea. The Persians also built a canal to go around Mount Athos when they were invading Greece. 6. Name one country in Asia where canals were dug in the first millennium A.D.?
China. Much of the 2000 km Grand Canal was built in the 7th and 8th centuries. 7. What was the original purpose of the Milanese “Naviglio Grande”?
Irrigation. In 1233 it was halted while extending 30 km. It then became used for the transport of goods leading to an additional network of canals. 8. Name one long-lasting use of the “canal de Craponne” in France?
It was originally built for irrigation but continued to feed watermills into the 20th century. 9. To what end was the Exeter Canal built in 16th-century England?
It included pound locks. 10. What was the original intent of the “Canal des Deux-Mers” in France?
To continue as a navigation canal into the Atlantic. It was one of the first summit canals but only spans 240 km from the Mediterranean to Toulouse. 11. Between 1600 and 1760, the length of navigable rivers in Great Britain increased by:
(a) 500 miles, (b) 600 miles, or (c) 700 miles? – From 700 to 1300 mi. 12. In what way was a river a better navigation route than a canal?
It was cheaper and required far less maintenance than a canal. 13. In what way was a canal a better navigation route than a river?
Canals didn’t have to contend with a current or ‘upstream haulage.’ 14. What was one common feature of most existing boats on North American waterways before 1800?
Poles.
15.
Why were canoes still used for river transportation in the 19th century?
They were cheap and relatively fast. 16. Name one limitation of the iceboat.
It only worked in the winter when it was sufficiently cold enough. 17. What was the main advantage of the current-driven machine in Paris?
It was able to pull boats upstream. 18. How old (at least) is the concept of the horseboat?
Animal driven propulsion was depicted in the 4th century. 19. What are the main advantages of horseboats?
The treadmill horseboat was one of the most efficient early advances and stayed is use the longest. 20. What are the main drawbacks of horseboats?
The horses would suffer from a type of vertigo when capstans were used. 21. How old (at least) is the treadwheel?
1867 – Bolton, Quebec. 22. If treadmills were so efficient, why did horseboats disappear? 23. What was new about the first Boulton and Watt steam engine?
In 1769 Watt patented a single acting steam engine with condenser. 24. What was new about the second Boulton and Watt steam engine?
In 1782 Boulton and Watt patented the first double acting steam engine, creating a vacuum both above and below the piston. This design also introduced parallel motion linkage between the piston rod and balance
beam. 25. In what country was the first practical steamboat launched?
In 1807-1809 the first practical steamboats were launched in the U.S. and Canada. In the United States, John Fitch developed the first practical steamboat in 1790 that ran from Philadelphia to Trenton. 26. Name three (3) reasons why the U.S. Senate wished to improve transportation westward through the Appalachian range.
They needed to maintain trade with the Western states, to make it easier for settlers to sail upstream on Western rivers, and for security and furthering political unity. 27. What was the first real achievement foreseen by the Gallatin Plan? 28. What was the main source of financing for the U.S. canal age in the early 19th century?
Federal involvement was low aside from land grants. 70% of the financing came from state and municipal governments through the sale of bonds to Eastern banks and the London market. 29. What area of the United States saw most of the construction of new canals?
The Northeastern states. 30. What kind of canal was the Erie Canal?
It was used mainly for the transportation of goods (a commercial highway). 31. Why did canal construction slow down after 1844 and the recovery from the 1839 crash?
There was a high cost for the production and upkeep of canals and they had to operate at near capacity to be economically viable. Also canals were seasonal, almost all the best routes had been developed, and there remained a lot of debt after the canal boom. 32. When did commercial traffic on the Erie Canal peak, measured in total tonnage?
Erie Canal tonnage peaked in 1880. 33. In what province is found Canada’s first lock canal?
Canada’s first lock canal was built in 1779 in Coteau-du-Lac, Quebec to improve upstream navigation on the St. Lawrence.
Lecture #4 - Railroads – An Iron and Steel Web 1. What were three (3) advantages of trains over canals?
Trains could operate in freezing weather, navigate elevations easier, and they were faster than navigation via canals. They also could use the abundant wood as fuel. They reduced the cost and time of transportation. 2. When did the first railway to running a steam locomotive (on a regular basis) open? In what country?
The first steam locomotive railway opened in 1825 and was the Stockton and Darlington Railway in England. The first major line opened in 1830. 3. What were four (4) adaptations of British locomotive technology to North American conditions?
Adaptations to American conditions included: a double set of smaller front wheels built on a swivel, cowcatchers and bells, mesh built spark arresters in smokestacks, and the use of wood as fuel instead of coal. Also more powerful engines were needed to deal with steeper inclines. 4. By 1860, what country could claim the greatest total length of railways in the world?
In 1860 the U.S. had the greatest total length of railways in the world at approximately 49,000 km. of tracks, double that of Europe. 5. What two (2) things did railways accelerate?
The railway accelerated the settlement of the frontier and the spread of intrusive species. 6. What are the top three (3) causes of animal species extinctions, according to biologist Edward O. Wilson?
The top three causes of animal extinction are: habitat destruction, biological pollution, and chemical pollution. 7. Why did the spread of railways to the U.S. West lead to the near disappearance of the Plains bison?
The railway brought with it hunters and settlers to a previously sparsely populated region and new guns that allowed for much easier hunting of the formerly elusive bison and a decrease in its habitat. 8. What three (3) innovations increased the firepower of guns in the United States?
Three innovations that increased the firepower of guns were: breech loading to accelerate reloading time, repeaters for multiple shots, and rifling, or the mass production of rifle-muskets. 9. What event increased the availability of new guns in the second half of the 19th century?
The Civil War. 10. Why did trains need wood as a construction material?
Wood was used as a construction material to build infrastructure such as bridges or early tracks. 11. How were new railway engineers trained before there were university, colleges, and engineering schools?
They were trained on the job by older engineers as apprentices. 12. What university awarded Canada’s first engineering degree?
McGill University in 1858. 13. In what three (3) conflicts were armoured trains used?
The U.S. Civil War, the Northwest Rebellion, and the Mexican Civil War. Also the second Anglo-Boer War. 14. Name two (2) other kinds of special-purpose trains in the 19th century.
School trains that would move town to town and private cars/trains for monarchs and the elite. 15. Name three (3) tourist destinations reached by train in the 19th century.
Most of Europe was accessible and in North America it was possible to access Banff or Algonquin Park, riverside/seaside outings, hunting trips, and railway hotels. 16. What Canadian family invested in Canada’s first railway?
The Molson family. As with steamboats, they invested early. 17. In what province was Canada’s first railway built?
Quebec. It connected La Prairie on the St. Lawrence and St. Jean-sur-Richelieu on the Richelieu River. It opened officially in 1836. 18. What Canadian engineer supported the move to a system of worldwide time zones?
Sanford Fleming in 1883. 19. Name two (2) Canadian parks reached by train by the turn of the 20th century.
Algonquin Park and Banff National Park. 20. What city was the initial “slaughter capital” of the United States?
Cincinnati.
21. Why did Chicago become the new “slaughter capital” of the U.S.?
It was at the nexus of a railway network extending across much of the Mississippi basin and hogs and steers were brought in by rail from the Prairies. 22. Identify the time period (late 19th century or early 20th century) when the total extent of the Canadian railway network nearly doubled.
Approximately 1915-1917. 23. What was new and unique about the Chicago Union Stockyards? Why?
They centralized in one spot all of Chicago’s livestock business and coordinated their operations with railway lines. 24. How was fresh meat brought to Eastern cities before refrigerated train cars were developed?
Live animals were shipped via rail. 25. What three (3) types of railway bridges were tried during the 19th century?
Traditional stone construction, suspension designs, metal tubes, and simple span were tried. Different materials were also experiment with for rail construction before settling on iron rails that would eventually be replaced by steel. 26. Name the engineer responsible for Brooklyn Bridge.
Charles Roebling who also built a suspension bridge over the Niagra for the Grand Trunk Railway. 27. Name the engineer responsible for Victoria Bridge.
Robert Stephenson in 1860. 28. Why were tube bridges used? 29. How was ice supplied to slaughterhouses and refrigerated trains before the development of ice-making machines?
Lecture #5 – The Age of Systems 1. What is a technological system?
2. What historian of technology is famous for analyzing technological systems?
Thomas P. Hughes.
3. How is a bottleneck different from a reverse salient?
A reverse salient holds up the improvement of an entire system while a bottle neck prevents the smooth transition from one step to another.
4. What were some of the components of the 19th-century oil system?
5. What Canadian province became a major oil producer in the 19th-century?
Ontario in Petrolia.
6. What did kerosene replace?
Kerosene replaced candles and whale oil.
7. What country pioneered the use of aerial telegraphs?
France.
8. Was the “Atlantic Telegraph” of 1858 an optical telegraph or an electrical telegraph?
9. Was the Duke of Kent’s telegraph of 1798 an optical telegraph or an electrical telegraph?
It was an optical telegraph from Halifax to Fredricton.
10. How many wires did Morse’s telegraph need to transmit messages?
It used only one wire.
11. What is a heliograph?
A heliograph is a solar telegraph.
12. Was Samuel Morse a Canadian inventor?
No he was an American inventor.
13. Which Scottish-Canadian engineer pushed for the completion of a round-the-world, wholly British telegraph line?
Sanford Fleming.
14. In the late 19th century, was telegraph traffic greater in Germany or in the United Kingdom?
Telegraph traffic was significantly higher in the U.K. than anywhere else in Europe.
15. How long did it take to send a message around the globe in 1902?
8 hours.
16. Was Canada’s first electrical telegraph line completed in a. Lytton, British Columbia? b. Toronto, Ontario? In 1846 c. Heart’s Content, Newfoundland?
17. Was Alexander Graham Bell the first inventor to work on the telephone’s invention?
No many different inventors were working on the telephone simultaneously.
18. What is meant by the “installed base” of the electrical telegraph?
The installed base included all the technologies and infrastructure already in place for the operation of the electric telegraph.
19. In what year did the number of telephones in Canada reach the half-million mark?
1913-1914.
20. Once the original patents lapsed, what was the Bell Company’s way of regaining market dominance? d. developing automatic dialling, or e. offering long-distance calls
21. What was the first use of Chaudière Island’s waterpower potential?
A small sawmill was built in 1806 and later the regions first hydroelectric plant was built at the Chaudiere falls.
22. In what decade was most mechanical work in the U.S. supplied for the first time by inanimate sources?
1870.
23. In what decade did electricity become the main source of mechanical drive in U.S. manufacturing sources?
1919-1929.
24. How did engineers drive early electrical generators built to provide electricity for lighting?
Waterwheels and steam engines were run to drive generators.
25. What was the main source of electricity generation in Canada between 1919 and 1928?
26. What technical innovation was the key to the long-distance transfer of electrical power?
The conversion to AC allowed power to be transmitted over large distances and sparked a boom in the construction of hydroelectric power plants.
27. In what province could the world’s largest electrical power plant be found in 1925?
Ontario – The Queenston-Chippawa power plant.
28. If early power plants were often found far from cities, why were there so few farms with electricity before World War II?
29. Were vertical-axis turbines more effective than vertical overshot waterwheels?
Vertical axis turbines achieved efficiencies of 60-70%.
30. In what year was Ottawa’s first electric streetcar line opened?
1891.
31. In what city did an electric locomotive use a tunnel to serve a downtown train station?
Montreal, the Mount Royal tunnel.
32. Name two applications of electricity use that proved pivotal in advancing the adoption of electricity?
Lighting and the electric railway.
33. The use of what electrical technology proved to be good training for the adoption of new electricity uses?
Electric lighting in the home.
34. Name four (4) major electrical technologies Ahearn and Soper experimented with?
Electric lighting, electric railway, telephone lines, and telegraphy.
Lecture #6 - The One Best Way to Mass Production 1. When did the number of work animals on farm actually peak? 2. Did the Massey-Harris company sell gasoline-fuelled tractors before World War I?
No. The gasoline engines were designed to be stationary sources of power for farming equipment. It was only after World War I started that the demand for wheat increased and they thus started to sell gasoline fuelled tractors. 3. Name three (3) successive power sources in the history of Canadian farm machinery.
Harvesting with horses (Brandon, MB – 1892), steam powered threshing units (Strasbourg, SK – 1902), and tractors pulling harvester-threshers (Mazenod, SK – 1928). 4. The cultivation of what crops proved essentially impossible to mechanize?
Cotton and tobacco as their cultivation remained labour intensive. 5. Was the 19th-century improvement in agricultural productivity one of increased crop yields or one that reduced the needed labour?
It was mainly a reduction of labour, especially in the wheat industry (61 - 3 hours). 6. Was the population threshold for being counted as an urban area greater in Canada or in the United States?
In 1870, the urban population threshold was greater in the U.S. (2500) than in Canada (1000). 7. What factors allowed Canadian cities to grow in size and in health?
The implementation of sewers and aqueducts, the development of public transport, and the advent of electricity were all factors that allowed Canada’s cities to expand. 8. When does the urban population become a majority (i) in Canada? (ii) in the U.S.?
i) In approximately 1925. ii) In approximately 1915-1920. 9. Did the number of electric consumers in Canada increase more rapidly than the population between a. 1920 and 1929? Maybe slightly. Roughly the same. b. 1940 and 1949? Yes, the residential consumers increased much more rapidly. 10. Which U.S. efficiency expert of the early 20th century started out as a bricklayer?
Frank Gilbreth but Taylor did not recognize him. Frank and his wife looked into motion study instead of the time study of Taylor. He was also a pioneer of camera use. 11. Was Frederick W. Taylor against “soldiering”? Why?
Yes because it was against traditional Protestant work ethic and virtues of thrift and was simply wasting time. 12. What two processes boosted the production of steel by a factor of nearly 300?
Bessemer perfected the purification of pig iron from non-phosphoric ores and the addition of controlled quantities of carbon to produce very cheap steel. Gilchrist and Gilchrist Thomas also completed the steel revolution by making it possible to use the cheaper phosphoric ores. 13. How could a psychological background help with increasing efficiency? 14. What 19th-century U.S. industry showed the way in terms of increasing efficiency?
Lecture #3 – Canals, Raftsmen, and Snakeheads 1. Was moving goods over a macadam road cheaper than on water?
It was cheaper and faster to move goods over water due to roads that were uneven in quality. 2. Can a river or lake be part of a canal?
Absolutely. Rivers could be improved with weirs, flash locks, and levees. Canals may include cuttings as well as improved stretches of river. 3. In what U.S. state do we find the first macadam road?
Maryland, in 1823 on the Baltimore to Ohio route. 4. In what Canadian province do we find the first macadam road?
Quebec. St. Jean to Laprairie on the St. Lawrence in 1832. 5. Name one Mediterranean country where a canal was built in Antiquity?
Italy. …show more content…
The Romans and the Egyptians built a canal to connect the Nile to the Red Sea. The Persians also built a canal to go around Mount Athos when they were invading Greece. 6. Name one country in Asia where canals were dug in the first millennium A.D.?
China. Much of the 2000 km Grand Canal was built in the 7th and 8th centuries. 7. What was the original purpose of the Milanese “Naviglio Grande”?
Irrigation. In 1233 it was halted while extending 30 km. It then became used for the transport of goods leading to an additional network of canals. 8. Name one long-lasting use of the “canal de Craponne” in France?
It was originally built for irrigation but continued to feed watermills into the 20th century. 9. To what end was the Exeter Canal built in 16th-century England?
It included pound locks. 10. What was the original intent of the “Canal des Deux-Mers” in France?
To continue as a navigation canal into the Atlantic. It was one of the first summit canals but only spans 240 km from the Mediterranean to Toulouse. 11. Between 1600 and 1760, the length of navigable rivers in Great Britain increased by:
(a) 500 miles, (b) 600 miles, or (c) 700 miles? – From 700 to 1300 mi. 12. In what way was a river a better navigation route than a canal?
It was cheaper and required far less maintenance than a canal. 13. In what way was a canal a better navigation route than a river?
Canals didn’t have to contend with a current or ‘upstream haulage.’ 14. What was one common feature of most existing boats on North American waterways before 1800?
Poles.
15.
Why were canoes still used for river transportation in the 19th century?
They were cheap and relatively fast. 16. Name one limitation of the iceboat.
It only worked in the winter when it was sufficiently cold enough. 17. What was the main advantage of the current-driven machine in Paris?
It was able to pull boats upstream. 18. How old (at least) is the concept of the horseboat?
Animal driven propulsion was depicted in the 4th century. 19. What are the main advantages of horseboats?
The treadmill horseboat was one of the most efficient early advances and stayed is use the longest. 20. What are the main drawbacks of horseboats?
The horses would suffer from a type of vertigo when capstans were used. 21. How old (at least) is the treadwheel?
1867 – Bolton, Quebec. 22. If treadmills were so efficient, why did horseboats disappear? 23. What was new about the first Boulton and Watt steam engine?
In 1769 Watt patented a single acting steam engine with condenser. 24. What was new about the second Boulton and Watt steam engine?
In 1782 Boulton and Watt patented the first double acting steam engine, creating a vacuum both above and below the piston. This design also introduced parallel motion linkage between the piston rod and balance
beam. 25. In what country was the first practical steamboat launched?
In 1807-1809 the first practical steamboats were launched in the U.S. and Canada. In the United States, John Fitch developed the first practical steamboat in 1790 that ran from Philadelphia to Trenton. 26. Name three (3) reasons why the U.S. Senate wished to improve transportation westward through the Appalachian range.
They needed to maintain trade with the Western states, to make it easier for settlers to sail upstream on Western rivers, and for security and furthering political unity. 27. What was the first real achievement foreseen by the Gallatin Plan? 28. What was the main source of financing for the U.S. canal age in the early 19th century?
Federal involvement was low aside from land grants. 70% of the financing came from state and municipal governments through the sale of bonds to Eastern banks and the London market. 29. What area of the United States saw most of the construction of new canals?
The Northeastern states. 30. What kind of canal was the Erie Canal?
It was used mainly for the transportation of goods (a commercial highway). 31. Why did canal construction slow down after 1844 and the recovery from the 1839 crash?
There was a high cost for the production and upkeep of canals and they had to operate at near capacity to be economically viable. Also canals were seasonal, almost all the best routes had been developed, and there remained a lot of debt after the canal boom. 32. When did commercial traffic on the Erie Canal peak, measured in total tonnage?
Erie Canal tonnage peaked in 1880. 33. In what province is found Canada’s first lock canal?
Canada’s first lock canal was built in 1779 in Coteau-du-Lac, Quebec to improve upstream navigation on the St. Lawrence.
Lecture #4 - Railroads – An Iron and Steel Web 1. What were three (3) advantages of trains over canals?
Trains could operate in freezing weather, navigate elevations easier, and they were faster than navigation via canals. They also could use the abundant wood as fuel. They reduced the cost and time of transportation. 2. When did the first railway to running a steam locomotive (on a regular basis) open? In what country?
The first steam locomotive railway opened in 1825 and was the Stockton and Darlington Railway in England. The first major line opened in 1830. 3. What were four (4) adaptations of British locomotive technology to North American conditions?
Adaptations to American conditions included: a double set of smaller front wheels built on a swivel, cowcatchers and bells, mesh built spark arresters in smokestacks, and the use of wood as fuel instead of coal. Also more powerful engines were needed to deal with steeper inclines. 4. By 1860, what country could claim the greatest total length of railways in the world?
In 1860 the U.S. had the greatest total length of railways in the world at approximately 49,000 km. of tracks, double that of Europe. 5. What two (2) things did railways accelerate?
The railway accelerated the settlement of the frontier and the spread of intrusive species. 6. What are the top three (3) causes of animal species extinctions, according to biologist Edward O. Wilson?
The top three causes of animal extinction are: habitat destruction, biological pollution, and chemical pollution. 7. Why did the spread of railways to the U.S. West lead to the near disappearance of the Plains bison?
The railway brought with it hunters and settlers to a previously sparsely populated region and new guns that allowed for much easier hunting of the formerly elusive bison and a decrease in its habitat. 8. What three (3) innovations increased the firepower of guns in the United States?
Three innovations that increased the firepower of guns were: breech loading to accelerate reloading time, repeaters for multiple shots, and rifling, or the mass production of rifle-muskets. 9. What event increased the availability of new guns in the second half of the 19th century?
The Civil War. 10. Why did trains need wood as a construction material?
Wood was used as a construction material to build infrastructure such as bridges or early tracks. 11. How were new railway engineers trained before there were university, colleges, and engineering schools?
They were trained on the job by older engineers as apprentices. 12. What university awarded Canada’s first engineering degree?
McGill University in 1858. 13. In what three (3) conflicts were armoured trains used?
The U.S. Civil War, the Northwest Rebellion, and the Mexican Civil War. Also the second Anglo-Boer War. 14. Name two (2) other kinds of special-purpose trains in the 19th century.
School trains that would move town to town and private cars/trains for monarchs and the elite. 15. Name three (3) tourist destinations reached by train in the 19th century.
Most of Europe was accessible and in North America it was possible to access Banff or Algonquin Park, riverside/seaside outings, hunting trips, and railway hotels. 16. What Canadian family invested in Canada’s first railway?
The Molson family. As with steamboats, they invested early. 17. In what province was Canada’s first railway built?
Quebec. It connected La Prairie on the St. Lawrence and St. Jean-sur-Richelieu on the Richelieu River. It opened officially in 1836. 18. What Canadian engineer supported the move to a system of worldwide time zones?
Sanford Fleming in 1883. 19. Name two (2) Canadian parks reached by train by the turn of the 20th century.
Algonquin Park and Banff National Park. 20. What city was the initial “slaughter capital” of the United States?
Cincinnati.
21. Why did Chicago become the new “slaughter capital” of the U.S.?
It was at the nexus of a railway network extending across much of the Mississippi basin and hogs and steers were brought in by rail from the Prairies. 22. Identify the time period (late 19th century or early 20th century) when the total extent of the Canadian railway network nearly doubled.
Approximately 1915-1917. 23. What was new and unique about the Chicago Union Stockyards? Why?
They centralized in one spot all of Chicago’s livestock business and coordinated their operations with railway lines. 24. How was fresh meat brought to Eastern cities before refrigerated train cars were developed?
Live animals were shipped via rail. 25. What three (3) types of railway bridges were tried during the 19th century?
Traditional stone construction, suspension designs, metal tubes, and simple span were tried. Different materials were also experiment with for rail construction before settling on iron rails that would eventually be replaced by steel. 26. Name the engineer responsible for Brooklyn Bridge.
Charles Roebling who also built a suspension bridge over the Niagra for the Grand Trunk Railway. 27. Name the engineer responsible for Victoria Bridge.
Robert Stephenson in 1860. 28. Why were tube bridges used? 29. How was ice supplied to slaughterhouses and refrigerated trains before the development of ice-making machines?
Lecture #5 – The Age of Systems 1. What is a technological system?
2. What historian of technology is famous for analyzing technological systems?
Thomas P. Hughes.
3. How is a bottleneck different from a reverse salient?
A reverse salient holds up the improvement of an entire system while a bottle neck prevents the smooth transition from one step to another.
4. What were some of the components of the 19th-century oil system?
5. What Canadian province became a major oil producer in the 19th-century?
Ontario in Petrolia.
6. What did kerosene replace?
Kerosene replaced candles and whale oil.
7. What country pioneered the use of aerial telegraphs?
France.
8. Was the “Atlantic Telegraph” of 1858 an optical telegraph or an electrical telegraph?
9. Was the Duke of Kent’s telegraph of 1798 an optical telegraph or an electrical telegraph?
It was an optical telegraph from Halifax to Fredricton.
10. How many wires did Morse’s telegraph need to transmit messages?
It used only one wire.
11. What is a heliograph?
A heliograph is a solar telegraph.
12. Was Samuel Morse a Canadian inventor?
No he was an American inventor.
13. Which Scottish-Canadian engineer pushed for the completion of a round-the-world, wholly British telegraph line?
Sanford Fleming.
14. In the late 19th century, was telegraph traffic greater in Germany or in the United Kingdom?
Telegraph traffic was significantly higher in the U.K. than anywhere else in Europe.
15. How long did it take to send a message around the globe in 1902?
8 hours.
16. Was Canada’s first electrical telegraph line completed in a. Lytton, British Columbia? b. Toronto, Ontario? In 1846 c. Heart’s Content, Newfoundland?
17. Was Alexander Graham Bell the first inventor to work on the telephone’s invention?
No many different inventors were working on the telephone simultaneously.
18. What is meant by the “installed base” of the electrical telegraph?
The installed base included all the technologies and infrastructure already in place for the operation of the electric telegraph.
19. In what year did the number of telephones in Canada reach the half-million mark?
1913-1914.
20. Once the original patents lapsed, what was the Bell Company’s way of regaining market dominance? d. developing automatic dialling, or e. offering long-distance calls
21. What was the first use of Chaudière Island’s waterpower potential?
A small sawmill was built in 1806 and later the regions first hydroelectric plant was built at the Chaudiere falls.
22. In what decade was most mechanical work in the U.S. supplied for the first time by inanimate sources?
1870.
23. In what decade did electricity become the main source of mechanical drive in U.S. manufacturing sources?
1919-1929.
24. How did engineers drive early electrical generators built to provide electricity for lighting?
Waterwheels and steam engines were run to drive generators.
25. What was the main source of electricity generation in Canada between 1919 and 1928?
26. What technical innovation was the key to the long-distance transfer of electrical power?
The conversion to AC allowed power to be transmitted over large distances and sparked a boom in the construction of hydroelectric power plants.
27. In what province could the world’s largest electrical power plant be found in 1925?
Ontario – The Queenston-Chippawa power plant.
28. If early power plants were often found far from cities, why were there so few farms with electricity before World War II?
29. Were vertical-axis turbines more effective than vertical overshot waterwheels?
Vertical axis turbines achieved efficiencies of 60-70%.
30. In what year was Ottawa’s first electric streetcar line opened?
1891.
31. In what city did an electric locomotive use a tunnel to serve a downtown train station?
Montreal, the Mount Royal tunnel.
32. Name two applications of electricity use that proved pivotal in advancing the adoption of electricity?
Lighting and the electric railway.
33. The use of what electrical technology proved to be good training for the adoption of new electricity uses?
Electric lighting in the home.
34. Name four (4) major electrical technologies Ahearn and Soper experimented with?
Electric lighting, electric railway, telephone lines, and telegraphy.
Lecture #6 - The One Best Way to Mass Production 1. When did the number of work animals on farm actually peak? 2. Did the Massey-Harris company sell gasoline-fuelled tractors before World War I?
No. The gasoline engines were designed to be stationary sources of power for farming equipment. It was only after World War I started that the demand for wheat increased and they thus started to sell gasoline fuelled tractors. 3. Name three (3) successive power sources in the history of Canadian farm machinery.
Harvesting with horses (Brandon, MB – 1892), steam powered threshing units (Strasbourg, SK – 1902), and tractors pulling harvester-threshers (Mazenod, SK – 1928). 4. The cultivation of what crops proved essentially impossible to mechanize?
Cotton and tobacco as their cultivation remained labour intensive. 5. Was the 19th-century improvement in agricultural productivity one of increased crop yields or one that reduced the needed labour?
It was mainly a reduction of labour, especially in the wheat industry (61 - 3 hours). 6. Was the population threshold for being counted as an urban area greater in Canada or in the United States?
In 1870, the urban population threshold was greater in the U.S. (2500) than in Canada (1000). 7. What factors allowed Canadian cities to grow in size and in health?
The implementation of sewers and aqueducts, the development of public transport, and the advent of electricity were all factors that allowed Canada’s cities to expand. 8. When does the urban population become a majority (i) in Canada? (ii) in the U.S.?
i) In approximately 1925. ii) In approximately 1915-1920. 9. Did the number of electric consumers in Canada increase more rapidly than the population between a. 1920 and 1929? Maybe slightly. Roughly the same. b. 1940 and 1949? Yes, the residential consumers increased much more rapidly. 10. Which U.S. efficiency expert of the early 20th century started out as a bricklayer?
Frank Gilbreth but Taylor did not recognize him. Frank and his wife looked into motion study instead of the time study of Taylor. He was also a pioneer of camera use. 11. Was Frederick W. Taylor against “soldiering”? Why?
Yes because it was against traditional Protestant work ethic and virtues of thrift and was simply wasting time. 12. What two processes boosted the production of steel by a factor of nearly 300?
Bessemer perfected the purification of pig iron from non-phosphoric ores and the addition of controlled quantities of carbon to produce very cheap steel. Gilchrist and Gilchrist Thomas also completed the steel revolution by making it possible to use the cheaper phosphoric ores. 13. How could a psychological background help with increasing efficiency? 14. What 19th-century U.S. industry showed the way in terms of increasing efficiency?