Ap Human Geography Case Study Geography
MODULE: STUDY SKILLS MODULE
TITLE: SUSTAINABILITY IN OLYMPICS
SUSTAINABILITY IN OLYMPICS 2012
INTRODUCTION
The focus on Stratford required a regeneration in an Area that is not only culturally diversified, but suffered a Social deprivation hence the need for a catalyst that will not only increase the Vision and plan for an urban Renewal but it will encapsulate the programme of Urban Regeneration and economic development.
This report will examine the Sustainability plan forwarded by the committee giving a detailed review on aspects of its sustainability, Opinion survey will be accompanied and a critical evaluation will be assessed.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The notion to have the Olympics and Paralympics in London has clearly attributed to the overall concept right from its design stage to the design of the entire Olympics project however, its sustainability …show more content…
has been fully assessed and a controversial view stated in comparison to other Olympics held in other countries
REASON HOW IT HAPPENED
London succeeded in its Bid for a number of reasons out of the nine cities that applied only 5 cities were short listed.
London won its bid based on a number of factors. Being a global city with a reputation across the world. Its multicultural population meant that all countries would be well supported at the various games.
• Stratford was previously known to be a deprived area, there has been severe changes in the area such as the development of Westfield shopping centre and international station
• London is known to have a distinctive bid all about young people, regeneration and the future supported with emotions and plans to build world class venue and improve transport.
Its plan is to ensure the rivers in the area are being restored to make a beautiful Olympic Park.
• The “jury is still out” on the 2012 Olympics. Although some people have lost homes and businesses, however they have been given compensation
SUSTAINABILITY
The main concept for the sustainability plan is geared mainly on a concept of ‘One planet living’’, this persuaded people to live within the world’s
resources
The Olympic scene shows some of the ways to planning, building and delivery of sustainability by the transformation of the Olympic Park and the building of world class venues. Hosting of the Games was has provided the best experience for the community and its environment.
The vision to have London′s 2012 Olympics stems from the need for a Transformation of East London where Permanent structures will begin the drive for guaranteeing the principle of sustainability is in place.
There is the need for long term legacy to be planned and this is linked to the value, having this plan helps determine if a process is in place to establish if maximum benefit is achieved.
The London Olympic 2012 were able to leave a solid environmental legacy via the need to adopt the following themes: Biodiversity, Waste, Climate Change, Inclusion and Healthy living.
The creation of a committee LOGON has enabled documented policies to be in place whereby these documents are reviewed.
Roger Draper (2003: 16), the Chief Executive of Sport England, has commented that:
“We are totally in support of the Olympics, but what we have said is that it has to leave a legacy. It’s got to be twin tracked. It’s no good having a great Olympics in 2012 and inspiring many young people to take up sport if we don’t have the facilities, coaching and infrastructure to get them involved and keep them in sport.”
An overview on the 5 areas that led to sustainability will be assessed and I will be concentrating specifically on “Waste” * Climate change – The plan is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and ensure facilities are able to cope with the impacts of climate change. The Climate change-zero reduced dioxide emission by reducing energy demand and supply from zero/100 carbon and removable resources. Carbon management to deliver low-carbon Games. An Observation was made on how to minimise carbon emission. The justification of carbon emission during the Olympic was incorporated in their plan so that they create infrastructure and building to enhance a lifestyle that is fit for long-term future. The plan is aimed at introducing a 5% reduction in carbon emission by displaying different alternatives that will produce low-carbon measures. The range of the actions done to meet this objective includes efficient building design with significant cement substitution. The need to reduce the cement will help reduce greenhouse gas effect; given that cement production is one of the intense emitters of greenhouse gas. The LOCOG, reckons transport to the Olympic Park was sustainable, and cooling systems were hydro fluorocarbons free (Shackleman, 2012) * Waste – The need for Zero waste, decreases the amount of waste produced and this will enable the reclaim, recycle and recovery. LOCOG also planned on how to manage and control the tons of waste that would result from the preparation and hosting of the Olympic Games. This was delivered by the need to change the peoples mind set. The approach to minimise waste from destroying the environment did bring their impression of environmental sustainability. The major source of waste was during the construction. Instead of dumbing waste it was recycled and used in the construction of the infrastructure required for the games. In the plan 90% of the material generated by the demolition prior to the building of the park required the need to Re-use and recycle its material. The commission concluded the Games broadly delivered on its key environmental objectives, and on track to meet targets to send zero waste to landfill and ensure 70 per cent of waste is re-used, recycled, or composted. Saving the environment indeed contributes to sustainability. Reuse, recycle and recovery of material from the disassembled of the temporary structures were a true environmental sustainable goal.
* Biodiversity – The plan is to minimise the impact of the Games on wildlife and their habitats in and around Games venues, leaving a legacy of enhanced habitats wherever possible. The Olympic Games left the sites used more natural environment than they were before. It is not that easy to develop a green space in densely populated and industrialised London city. However, the Olympic Games were able to achieve this by living green spaces in the urban residence of London. The commission were able to meet met their objective of conserving and promoting diverse ecosystem. They also enhanced ecology of the lower Lea valley and other Olympic venues to make them harbour a green and leafy natural ecosystem. By Maintaining natural environment at the Olympic park is an exact demonstration of how sustainability development can be put to reality. The principles in their part are dependent to each other. Reorienting the ecology of London by using the waste soil to build new landscapes and rich ecology was a huge success and development. * Inclusion – This plan is to endorse admittance for all and celebrate the diversity of London and the UK, creating new employment, training and business opportunities. * Healthy living – This plan is to motivate people across the country to take up sport and advance active, healthy and sustainable lifestyles. The London 2012 Games have worked with the food industry to convey great food that is ethically and sustainably sourced. One of the chief sponsors of London Olympics was Macdonald restaurant using its marketing and innovation strategy to attract customers at the game they had the biggest seating capacity of 1500. Their facility was built using recyclable material.
An overview Discussion of Waste * For any main construction such as a big Structure or Sports stadium, the waste that will be derived from the activities is huge. Normally this sort of waste is usually dumped waste and ends up being a deterrent to the ecology however the sustainability plan for the London Olympics has successfully reversed this waste to a productive waste by recycling and reusing the waste, for instance the buildings being made of Virgin steel, old abandoned Gas pipes were re used in a positive manner to circle around the stadium. Most of the steel used in the entire roof is recycled, reducing construction costs by half a million. These just passed the sustainability standard by converting the whole waste to be into a reusable material in construction. It saved the ecosystem from the gas emission from the heavy transport of the material eliminated, now that the majority of material was already on site. It helped the industrial activities that would have been engaged to develop and manufacture steel and other material to serve the purpose. That is what sustainability meant to be. * The Construction waste of 97 per cent was diverted from landfill. LOCOG had a zero waste to landfill policy and aim to recycle and re-use of compost 70 per for the Games . This indicates that the commission was able to mount success in its events of recycling. The waste bins were also successfully implemented except the failure in the side of segregating the waste where people were not able or didn’t listen or read the different waste bins that are meant to separate biodegradable and non-biodegradable
OLYMPICS
The London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games have the unique potential to deliver sustainable sporting, social, cultural, economic and environmental legacies,
The Olympics looks at the business social and Environmental values as well as its returns and further examines the impact it has on the Environment.
The start and finish of the Olympics has clearly contributed to the Environment as previously stated .
Concept Mapping
Businesses and investors should measure their performance against a new set of metrics—capturing economic, social and environmental value added—or destroyed—during the processes of wealth creation. This approach, laid out in 1997’s Cannibals With Forks
The model has become a cornerstone for green business, it reinforces what is in existence and also brings about consciousness.
Sustainability is the realisation of CSR.
Business should make profit but should also have social care.
The Bruntland report highlights intergenerational equity. It is not just about the development is not just about how poor countries or areas can be can be enhanced , but what the entire world including developed countries, can do to enhance common situation.
Sustainability in sport and tourism Journal vol 14 issue 2-3 2009 Dr Alan Fyall & Leo Jago
Whilst much of the discussion regarding sustainability relates only to the environmental dimension, true sustainability also includes both the social and economic dimensions under the umbrella of what is commonly termed triple bottom line sustainability.
The 2012 Olympics has added significantly to the UK GDP and though it has got the cost implication however the benefit is also significant.
2012 Costs and benefits Cost * 380 businesses relocated away from park. * 9000 Jobs moved/lost * Nearly £10 billion paid for by lottery funds. * Massive conduction scheme lasting years disrupts local community * Some people lost homes, allotments, areas for fishing * Cost of living in the area for poorer people has increased, | Benefits * 31/2Billion tourist spending. * 3000 new jobs * 9000 new homes * Olympic Park has the largest Urban plan in Europe for 150 years * Better image for London and East End. * Increased participation in sport for young people * New sports venue around London and elsewhere e.g. sailing in Weymouth. |
.
CONCEPT MAPPING
Waste Mgt
Waste Mgt
Climate change
Climate change
Ecology balance
Ecology balance
SUSTAINABILITY
SUSTAINABILITY
CSR
CSR
Employment
Employment
Social Enhancement
Social Enhancement
Regeneration
Regeneration
The Triple Bottom LEconomy
Economy
ine
Environment
Environment
Ecology
Ecology
SURVEY
A Survey was carried out at GSOM to investigate the individual’s perception on the 2012 Olympics, below clearly describes the Opinion of the people on what their reaction is in terms of all the concept.
Based on the statistic for Survey
Different groups of student were interviewed and their perception were monitored
CONCLUSION
In conclusion the 2012 London Olympics and Paralympics is seen and known to be one of the largest sporting event in 2012, it has clearly performed and achieved a high degree of sustainability in design and development, transport, climate change, biodiversity
Its most visible achievement is known to be the creation of the Olympic park on what was once known to be contaminated industrial site, this very area can now be seen and appreciated to be one of the largest new Urban parkland in Europe for 150 years.
Also with regards to the Venue the use of surplus gas supply pipes to construct the top ring of the venue is credible.
The development of a sustainability management system standard for events introduced in 2007 as BS8901 has now set a lifetime precedent which has had severe global significance on how events are been delivered for this has brought about a Legacy for regeneration.
Based on the survey carried out London are in favour of the Olympics and they believe it has brought some benefits to a degree. Appendix 1 shows the results of the survey
The stadium promises to be the most environmentally sustainable to date and this has been a success however the design in comparison to other levels of architectural ambition demonstrated by other stadiums such as Greece, Beijing games clearly shows the missing gap where a design competition would have been debatable.
(Unlike in Beijing) The issue at hand is to ensure organisers are able to make the Games sustainable. But the biggest worry is how the people of the local area can be included and made to benefit.
A controversial view to the 1996 Atlanta Games, identifies the event to be viewed by low-income residents as merely an excuse for business leaders to reshape the city. The irony is that it is these very low-income residents who experienced the most disruption prior to the Games with the primary legacy being one of distrust rather than social sustainability. This and more recent findings contradict a key message in rhetoric surrounding major sport events – which often refers to benefits for disadvantaged people. Although there considering London Olympics has left a positive taste on being Sustainable, there are major sport events that have in fact made a negative contribution to the social sustainability of host communities. The hope is that future events will take a leaf from the success of previous events and reapply the steps for adapted for sustainability thereby leaving a legacy.
REFERENCES
BOOKS:
Robinson, P, Wale, D and Dickson G. Events Management pg 189 Draper, R. (2003: 16), the Chief Executive of Sport
Matthews, R(2012). London 2012: The greenest Olympics in modern history
Website
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/2325249/London-stadium-sustainable-but-lacks-ambition.html http://www.olympic.org/news/london-2012-s-sustainability-legacy-lives-on/205777 Journals
Sport management Quarterly, (ahead of print), 1-24
Sustainability in sport and tourism Journal vol 14 issue 2-3 2009 Dr Alan Fyall & Leo Jago
Nichols, G. (2012). Olympic cities: 2012 and the remaking of London. Leisure studies, 31(3)
Appendix 1
Questionnaire Survey at GSOM
1 . Do you support or oppose London Hosting 2012 London Olympics? a. Strongly agree – 45% b. Tend to agree – 25% c. Disagree – 20% d. Don’t know – 10%
2. Do you think the amount London has spent for the Olympics is realistic?
a. Strongly agree -25%
b. Tend to agree – 25% c. Disagree – 50% d. Don’t know – 5%
3. Do you think Stratford is the right choice for the Olympics?
a. Strongly agree – 40%
b. Tend to agree – 20%
c. Disagree – 15% e. Don’t know – 25%
4. Do you think London Olympic has created more benefits
a. Strongly agree – 65%
b. Tend to agree – 5% c Disagree – 20% dDon’t know – 10%
TITLE: SUSTAINABILITY IN OLYMPICS
SUSTAINABILITY IN OLYMPICS 2012
INTRODUCTION
The focus on Stratford required a regeneration in an Area that is not only culturally diversified, but suffered a Social deprivation hence the need for a catalyst that will not only increase the Vision and plan for an urban Renewal but it will encapsulate the programme of Urban Regeneration and economic development.
This report will examine the Sustainability plan forwarded by the committee giving a detailed review on aspects of its sustainability, Opinion survey will be accompanied and a critical evaluation will be assessed.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The notion to have the Olympics and Paralympics in London has clearly attributed to the overall concept right from its design stage to the design of the entire Olympics project however, its sustainability …show more content…
has been fully assessed and a controversial view stated in comparison to other Olympics held in other countries
REASON HOW IT HAPPENED
London succeeded in its Bid for a number of reasons out of the nine cities that applied only 5 cities were short listed.
London won its bid based on a number of factors. Being a global city with a reputation across the world. Its multicultural population meant that all countries would be well supported at the various games.
• Stratford was previously known to be a deprived area, there has been severe changes in the area such as the development of Westfield shopping centre and international station
• London is known to have a distinctive bid all about young people, regeneration and the future supported with emotions and plans to build world class venue and improve transport.
Its plan is to ensure the rivers in the area are being restored to make a beautiful Olympic Park.
• The “jury is still out” on the 2012 Olympics. Although some people have lost homes and businesses, however they have been given compensation
SUSTAINABILITY
The main concept for the sustainability plan is geared mainly on a concept of ‘One planet living’’, this persuaded people to live within the world’s
resources
The Olympic scene shows some of the ways to planning, building and delivery of sustainability by the transformation of the Olympic Park and the building of world class venues. Hosting of the Games was has provided the best experience for the community and its environment.
The vision to have London′s 2012 Olympics stems from the need for a Transformation of East London where Permanent structures will begin the drive for guaranteeing the principle of sustainability is in place.
There is the need for long term legacy to be planned and this is linked to the value, having this plan helps determine if a process is in place to establish if maximum benefit is achieved.
The London Olympic 2012 were able to leave a solid environmental legacy via the need to adopt the following themes: Biodiversity, Waste, Climate Change, Inclusion and Healthy living.
The creation of a committee LOGON has enabled documented policies to be in place whereby these documents are reviewed.
Roger Draper (2003: 16), the Chief Executive of Sport England, has commented that:
“We are totally in support of the Olympics, but what we have said is that it has to leave a legacy. It’s got to be twin tracked. It’s no good having a great Olympics in 2012 and inspiring many young people to take up sport if we don’t have the facilities, coaching and infrastructure to get them involved and keep them in sport.”
An overview on the 5 areas that led to sustainability will be assessed and I will be concentrating specifically on “Waste” * Climate change – The plan is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and ensure facilities are able to cope with the impacts of climate change. The Climate change-zero reduced dioxide emission by reducing energy demand and supply from zero/100 carbon and removable resources. Carbon management to deliver low-carbon Games. An Observation was made on how to minimise carbon emission. The justification of carbon emission during the Olympic was incorporated in their plan so that they create infrastructure and building to enhance a lifestyle that is fit for long-term future. The plan is aimed at introducing a 5% reduction in carbon emission by displaying different alternatives that will produce low-carbon measures. The range of the actions done to meet this objective includes efficient building design with significant cement substitution. The need to reduce the cement will help reduce greenhouse gas effect; given that cement production is one of the intense emitters of greenhouse gas. The LOCOG, reckons transport to the Olympic Park was sustainable, and cooling systems were hydro fluorocarbons free (Shackleman, 2012) * Waste – The need for Zero waste, decreases the amount of waste produced and this will enable the reclaim, recycle and recovery. LOCOG also planned on how to manage and control the tons of waste that would result from the preparation and hosting of the Olympic Games. This was delivered by the need to change the peoples mind set. The approach to minimise waste from destroying the environment did bring their impression of environmental sustainability. The major source of waste was during the construction. Instead of dumbing waste it was recycled and used in the construction of the infrastructure required for the games. In the plan 90% of the material generated by the demolition prior to the building of the park required the need to Re-use and recycle its material. The commission concluded the Games broadly delivered on its key environmental objectives, and on track to meet targets to send zero waste to landfill and ensure 70 per cent of waste is re-used, recycled, or composted. Saving the environment indeed contributes to sustainability. Reuse, recycle and recovery of material from the disassembled of the temporary structures were a true environmental sustainable goal.
* Biodiversity – The plan is to minimise the impact of the Games on wildlife and their habitats in and around Games venues, leaving a legacy of enhanced habitats wherever possible. The Olympic Games left the sites used more natural environment than they were before. It is not that easy to develop a green space in densely populated and industrialised London city. However, the Olympic Games were able to achieve this by living green spaces in the urban residence of London. The commission were able to meet met their objective of conserving and promoting diverse ecosystem. They also enhanced ecology of the lower Lea valley and other Olympic venues to make them harbour a green and leafy natural ecosystem. By Maintaining natural environment at the Olympic park is an exact demonstration of how sustainability development can be put to reality. The principles in their part are dependent to each other. Reorienting the ecology of London by using the waste soil to build new landscapes and rich ecology was a huge success and development. * Inclusion – This plan is to endorse admittance for all and celebrate the diversity of London and the UK, creating new employment, training and business opportunities. * Healthy living – This plan is to motivate people across the country to take up sport and advance active, healthy and sustainable lifestyles. The London 2012 Games have worked with the food industry to convey great food that is ethically and sustainably sourced. One of the chief sponsors of London Olympics was Macdonald restaurant using its marketing and innovation strategy to attract customers at the game they had the biggest seating capacity of 1500. Their facility was built using recyclable material.
An overview Discussion of Waste * For any main construction such as a big Structure or Sports stadium, the waste that will be derived from the activities is huge. Normally this sort of waste is usually dumped waste and ends up being a deterrent to the ecology however the sustainability plan for the London Olympics has successfully reversed this waste to a productive waste by recycling and reusing the waste, for instance the buildings being made of Virgin steel, old abandoned Gas pipes were re used in a positive manner to circle around the stadium. Most of the steel used in the entire roof is recycled, reducing construction costs by half a million. These just passed the sustainability standard by converting the whole waste to be into a reusable material in construction. It saved the ecosystem from the gas emission from the heavy transport of the material eliminated, now that the majority of material was already on site. It helped the industrial activities that would have been engaged to develop and manufacture steel and other material to serve the purpose. That is what sustainability meant to be. * The Construction waste of 97 per cent was diverted from landfill. LOCOG had a zero waste to landfill policy and aim to recycle and re-use of compost 70 per for the Games . This indicates that the commission was able to mount success in its events of recycling. The waste bins were also successfully implemented except the failure in the side of segregating the waste where people were not able or didn’t listen or read the different waste bins that are meant to separate biodegradable and non-biodegradable
OLYMPICS
The London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games have the unique potential to deliver sustainable sporting, social, cultural, economic and environmental legacies,
The Olympics looks at the business social and Environmental values as well as its returns and further examines the impact it has on the Environment.
The start and finish of the Olympics has clearly contributed to the Environment as previously stated .
Concept Mapping
Businesses and investors should measure their performance against a new set of metrics—capturing economic, social and environmental value added—or destroyed—during the processes of wealth creation. This approach, laid out in 1997’s Cannibals With Forks
The model has become a cornerstone for green business, it reinforces what is in existence and also brings about consciousness.
Sustainability is the realisation of CSR.
Business should make profit but should also have social care.
The Bruntland report highlights intergenerational equity. It is not just about the development is not just about how poor countries or areas can be can be enhanced , but what the entire world including developed countries, can do to enhance common situation.
Sustainability in sport and tourism Journal vol 14 issue 2-3 2009 Dr Alan Fyall & Leo Jago
Whilst much of the discussion regarding sustainability relates only to the environmental dimension, true sustainability also includes both the social and economic dimensions under the umbrella of what is commonly termed triple bottom line sustainability.
The 2012 Olympics has added significantly to the UK GDP and though it has got the cost implication however the benefit is also significant.
2012 Costs and benefits Cost * 380 businesses relocated away from park. * 9000 Jobs moved/lost * Nearly £10 billion paid for by lottery funds. * Massive conduction scheme lasting years disrupts local community * Some people lost homes, allotments, areas for fishing * Cost of living in the area for poorer people has increased, | Benefits * 31/2Billion tourist spending. * 3000 new jobs * 9000 new homes * Olympic Park has the largest Urban plan in Europe for 150 years * Better image for London and East End. * Increased participation in sport for young people * New sports venue around London and elsewhere e.g. sailing in Weymouth. |
.
CONCEPT MAPPING
Waste Mgt
Waste Mgt
Climate change
Climate change
Ecology balance
Ecology balance
SUSTAINABILITY
SUSTAINABILITY
CSR
CSR
Employment
Employment
Social Enhancement
Social Enhancement
Regeneration
Regeneration
The Triple Bottom LEconomy
Economy
ine
Environment
Environment
Ecology
Ecology
SURVEY
A Survey was carried out at GSOM to investigate the individual’s perception on the 2012 Olympics, below clearly describes the Opinion of the people on what their reaction is in terms of all the concept.
Based on the statistic for Survey
Different groups of student were interviewed and their perception were monitored
CONCLUSION
In conclusion the 2012 London Olympics and Paralympics is seen and known to be one of the largest sporting event in 2012, it has clearly performed and achieved a high degree of sustainability in design and development, transport, climate change, biodiversity
Its most visible achievement is known to be the creation of the Olympic park on what was once known to be contaminated industrial site, this very area can now be seen and appreciated to be one of the largest new Urban parkland in Europe for 150 years.
Also with regards to the Venue the use of surplus gas supply pipes to construct the top ring of the venue is credible.
The development of a sustainability management system standard for events introduced in 2007 as BS8901 has now set a lifetime precedent which has had severe global significance on how events are been delivered for this has brought about a Legacy for regeneration.
Based on the survey carried out London are in favour of the Olympics and they believe it has brought some benefits to a degree. Appendix 1 shows the results of the survey
The stadium promises to be the most environmentally sustainable to date and this has been a success however the design in comparison to other levels of architectural ambition demonstrated by other stadiums such as Greece, Beijing games clearly shows the missing gap where a design competition would have been debatable.
(Unlike in Beijing) The issue at hand is to ensure organisers are able to make the Games sustainable. But the biggest worry is how the people of the local area can be included and made to benefit.
A controversial view to the 1996 Atlanta Games, identifies the event to be viewed by low-income residents as merely an excuse for business leaders to reshape the city. The irony is that it is these very low-income residents who experienced the most disruption prior to the Games with the primary legacy being one of distrust rather than social sustainability. This and more recent findings contradict a key message in rhetoric surrounding major sport events – which often refers to benefits for disadvantaged people. Although there considering London Olympics has left a positive taste on being Sustainable, there are major sport events that have in fact made a negative contribution to the social sustainability of host communities. The hope is that future events will take a leaf from the success of previous events and reapply the steps for adapted for sustainability thereby leaving a legacy.
REFERENCES
BOOKS:
Robinson, P, Wale, D and Dickson G. Events Management pg 189 Draper, R. (2003: 16), the Chief Executive of Sport
Matthews, R(2012). London 2012: The greenest Olympics in modern history
Website
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/2325249/London-stadium-sustainable-but-lacks-ambition.html http://www.olympic.org/news/london-2012-s-sustainability-legacy-lives-on/205777 Journals
Sport management Quarterly, (ahead of print), 1-24
Sustainability in sport and tourism Journal vol 14 issue 2-3 2009 Dr Alan Fyall & Leo Jago
Nichols, G. (2012). Olympic cities: 2012 and the remaking of London. Leisure studies, 31(3)
Appendix 1
Questionnaire Survey at GSOM
1 . Do you support or oppose London Hosting 2012 London Olympics? a. Strongly agree – 45% b. Tend to agree – 25% c. Disagree – 20% d. Don’t know – 10%
2. Do you think the amount London has spent for the Olympics is realistic?
a. Strongly agree -25%
b. Tend to agree – 25% c. Disagree – 50% d. Don’t know – 5%
3. Do you think Stratford is the right choice for the Olympics?
a. Strongly agree – 40%
b. Tend to agree – 20%
c. Disagree – 15% e. Don’t know – 25%
4. Do you think London Olympic has created more benefits
a. Strongly agree – 65%
b. Tend to agree – 5% c Disagree – 20% dDon’t know – 10%