Ap Psychology Chapter 18 Summary
Key Terms for Chapter 18, Section 4:
conflict: a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas
social trap: a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self- interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior
mere exposure effect: the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them
passionate love: an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship
companionate love: the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined
equity: a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it
self-disclosure: revealing …show more content…
intimate aspects of oneself to others
altruism: unselfish regard for the welfare of others
bystander effect: the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
social exchange theory: the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs
reciprocity norm: an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them
social-responsibility norm: an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them
superordinate goals: shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation
GRIT: Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction – a strategy designed to decrease international tension
prejudice: an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members.
Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action
stereotype: a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people discrimination: unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group or its members
ingroup: “Us” – people with whom one shares a common identity
outgroup: “Them” – those perceived as different or apart from one’s ingroup
ingroup bias: the tendency to favor one’s own
group
scapegoat theory: the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame just-world phenomenon: the tendency of people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get
aggression: any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy
frustration-aggression principle: the principle that frustration – the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal – creates anger, which can generate aggression
From 1865 to 1933, the government of the United States existed as Dual Federalism. In this system, the state and national government had clear, delineated roles and responsibilities. The government could only rule by enumerated powers, each government was sovereign within its own sphere and powers were kept separate, and there was tension between the states and federal government. This could be compared to a layer cake that has clear-cut layers in which it is easy to distinguish a clear division between the chocolate and vanilla because it is easy to distinguish a division between the powers of the states and the powers of the federal government. From 1933-1968, Cooperative Federalism reigned and in this system the roles of state and local governments intermingled and there was greater cooperation between them. This could be compared to a marble cake with a blending of chocolate and vanilla areas which are not clearly separated because the powers of the federal and state governments not clearly defined as belonging to just one or the other and often blended. From 1969-1974, the system of government that prevailed was competitive federalism, in which Nixon tried to grant more power to the state and local governments (with less strings attached through revenue sharing) to get them to compete to develop programs of their own. It could be compared to a marble cake system still, but in this case there would be competition among local governments for slices of the cake. From 1981-1992, Reagan introduced New Federalism which involved greater states rights through limiting taxes and federal aid to state governments to give the states greater jurisdiction in handling their own affairs. From 1992-2000, there existed Progressive Federalism in which Clinton, and then Bush, with a Republican majority in Congress gave more power to the states by removing itself from welfare and pledging to balance the federal budget.
conflict: a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas
social trap: a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self- interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior
mere exposure effect: the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them
passionate love: an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship
companionate love: the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined
equity: a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it
self-disclosure: revealing …show more content…
intimate aspects of oneself to others
altruism: unselfish regard for the welfare of others
bystander effect: the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
social exchange theory: the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs
reciprocity norm: an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them
social-responsibility norm: an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them
superordinate goals: shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation
GRIT: Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction – a strategy designed to decrease international tension
prejudice: an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members.
Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action
stereotype: a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people discrimination: unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group or its members
ingroup: “Us” – people with whom one shares a common identity
outgroup: “Them” – those perceived as different or apart from one’s ingroup
ingroup bias: the tendency to favor one’s own
group
scapegoat theory: the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame just-world phenomenon: the tendency of people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get
aggression: any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy
frustration-aggression principle: the principle that frustration – the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal – creates anger, which can generate aggression
From 1865 to 1933, the government of the United States existed as Dual Federalism. In this system, the state and national government had clear, delineated roles and responsibilities. The government could only rule by enumerated powers, each government was sovereign within its own sphere and powers were kept separate, and there was tension between the states and federal government. This could be compared to a layer cake that has clear-cut layers in which it is easy to distinguish a clear division between the chocolate and vanilla because it is easy to distinguish a division between the powers of the states and the powers of the federal government. From 1933-1968, Cooperative Federalism reigned and in this system the roles of state and local governments intermingled and there was greater cooperation between them. This could be compared to a marble cake with a blending of chocolate and vanilla areas which are not clearly separated because the powers of the federal and state governments not clearly defined as belonging to just one or the other and often blended. From 1969-1974, the system of government that prevailed was competitive federalism, in which Nixon tried to grant more power to the state and local governments (with less strings attached through revenue sharing) to get them to compete to develop programs of their own. It could be compared to a marble cake system still, but in this case there would be competition among local governments for slices of the cake. From 1981-1992, Reagan introduced New Federalism which involved greater states rights through limiting taxes and federal aid to state governments to give the states greater jurisdiction in handling their own affairs. From 1992-2000, there existed Progressive Federalism in which Clinton, and then Bush, with a Republican majority in Congress gave more power to the states by removing itself from welfare and pledging to balance the federal budget.