Attributions are the causal judgments about why the event or behavior occurred. These attributions can be either internal (made about a person’s characteristics, e.g. personality) or external (made about a person’s situation e.g. weather). One type of the attribution theory that helps us to determine the “why” in behavior is the Kelley’s Covariation Model of Attribution (Kelley, 1967). In this model, behaviour is analyzed to see how well it is correlated either internal or external factors or a combination of both. When making attributions using the Kelley’s covariation there are three criteria in which the attributions are based on: consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency. Consensus criterion is whether the behavior is correlated with the situation or in other terms whether different people do this behavior in the same situation. Distinctiveness refers to the correlation between behaviour and the individual specifically how unique the behavior is to that particular situation. Last out of the three is consistency which looks at how behavior is correlated with both the person and the situation that is, is the behavior is the same towards the…
Attribution theory: an attempt when individuals observe behavior to determine whether it is internally or externally caused…
Attribution theory is concerned with how individuals interpret events and how this relates to their thinking and behaviour. Attribution theory assumes that people try to determine why people do what they do. When we (the observer) try to understand why another person (the actor) did something, we can either attribute one or more causes to that behaviour, internal/dispositional -the inference that a person is behaving in a certain way because of something about the person, such as attitude, character or personality. Or; external/situational - the inference that a person is…
Describe the difference between personal and situational attributions in explaining behavior. What is the Fundamental Attribution Error, and how is it related to these types of attributions?…
psycology1.|The text defines social psychology as the scientific study of how people ________ one another.|…
In this Article Shapiro starts off by saying how “feelings of self-blame and helplessness are two frequent consequences of sexual abuse that must be improved if recovery is to occur” (Shapiro 1995). The victim of abuse tends to only feel one or the other; With self-blame they view the abuse as if it was their own fault, blaming themselves for the way they dressed or how they acted. Possibly blaming themselves for their personalities, believing that unknowingly attracted the abuser in some way. On the other hand, when a victim experiences helplessness its seems that they cast blame of the abuse on external factors. The victim believes no matter what they do they could not have stopped the abuse. That the abuse was out of their control. According to Shapiro helplessness in abuse cases has received less attention in the form of investigation and research. It has been found that female adult survivors had harmful long lasting signs of both self-blaming and helplessness when having suffered abuse as children (Hazzard 1993). Both self-blame and helplessness is a good predictor of low self-esteem when associated with abuse but helplessness also can cause other concerns to manifest such as depression and external locus of control. Because the victim feels as though they never had control over the abuse, that they…
14. Fundamental attribution error: a bias toward overattributing the behavior of others to internal causes…
The fundamental attribution error plays a major role in our everyday lives. Until reading this section on the attribution error, I wasn't as aware of it as I am at this moment. Hopefully after you read the section and this short essay, you will be more conscious of this misattribution that happens right before your eyes, and you will be more aware when making attributions.…
Firmin, M., Hwang, C., Copella, M., & Clark, S. (2004). Learned Helplessness: The Effect of Failure…
My opinion is that all service men and women should be able to keep the dogs that they have trained. One reason why I think this is because the soldiers care about the animals that they have trained. Another reason is because there are so many dogs that the military owns and I don't think they will miss one dog. The third reason is because the soldiers train the dogs and have worked with them their whole life. To conclude my opinion is that service men and women should be able to keep the dogs they have trained.…
Ever been taught to do something and when you try to change your way of doing it, you end up failing? You’ve tried but feel like you need to give up? That is learned helplessness. For example, in India, baby elephants are tied to a pole with rope by their feet and they struggle to break free. They try various times until they have realized they are not able to escape. Once they have grown to adult size, they are now capable to escape if they wish to because they are stronger than the rope. They will not escape because the baby elephant has learned to be helpless. There are many different ways that learned helplessness can…
Learned helplessness is the tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures in the past (Ciccarelli & White, 2009). To describe learned helplessness in person is that recognizing that repeated failures will arouse the idea of a difficult task and impossible to solve. They sometimes blame the outside factors for their failure than their lack ability or skill. This thought not only affect their willingness to learn but also their self-esteem. There are many situations that can explain learned helplessness. For example, if a person tries to fix a computer, after several attempts he is not able to do so. Then he may develop a thought of learned helplessness and believe that he cannot make it works. No matter how hard he tries, he is unable to fix the computer. The other example is when student attend the physic class. Then repeated experiences of failure occur to this student to get a high score. So, he thinks that he may not be able to have a good score on physics. It will affect the following action. He will not study, not doing the homework, and so on. When there is a time for the exam, obviously he cannot do it and fail the course. After that, he will think that he cannot do physics ever again in his life. This might also affect his mood, his performance, and self-esteem.…
What exactly is learned helplessness and how do we defeat it? I think this reddit post sums it up very nicely.…
6. The Fallacy of Helplessness – people who accept this fallacy believe that forces beyond their control determine their satisfaction in life; subscribing to this fallacy causes people to perceive themselves as victims.…
People are excellent learners. Learning ways of behaving and reacting that cognitively, we do not even know we know or have learned because it is reactionary. It happens without us making the conscious cognitive decision of acting in a certain way. Learned helplessness is one of the ways we react in situations or against situations because we have learned that we are not that actions on our part are ineffective and so we learn to be helpless. This article review was on Perceptions of learned helplessness among emerging adults aging out of foster care by Gomez, R., Ryan, T., Norton, C., Jones, C., & Galán-Cisneros, P. (2015).…