© Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam -- Printed in The Netherlands
T H E BACK-CALCULATION OF SPECIFIC RA T E S OF B R E A K A G E AND NON-NORMALIZED B R E A K A G E D I ST R I BU T IO N P A R A M E T E R S FROM BATCH G R I N D I N G DATA
R.R. KLIMPEL and L.G. AUSTIN
Mathematics Division, Physical Research Laboratory, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Mich. 48640 (U.S.A.) Department of Material Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pa. 16802 (U.S.A.)
(Received December 2, 1974; revision accepted July 29, 1976)
ABSTRACT
Klimpel, R.R. and Austin, L.G., 1977. The back-calculation of specific rates of breakage and non-normalized breakage distribution parameters from batch grinding data. Int. J. Miner. Process., 4:7--32. This paper describes a mathematical approach for calculating parameters relating specific rates of breakage and breakage products distribution from batch grinding a known feed for several grinding times. Knowledge of such parameters leads to improved equipment design criteria and consistent operating correlations. The approach involves the use of nonlinear optimization with appropriate statistical tests and gives parameter estimates close to those gained from direct experimental measurements. Some results and experiences using the technique are summarized.
INTRODUCTION Mill and mill circuit simulation by solution of grinding equations (Mika and Fuerstenau, 1971; Austin, 1971--72; Luckie and Austin, 1972), offers the prospect o f more accurate circuit design, operation and control. As recently discussed (Austin, 1973; Austin et al., 1976), however, the appropriate data is only slowly becoming available. The analysis o f grinding tests in terms of specific rates o f breakage, S, and breakage distribution functions, B, is tedious experimentally, although the information obtained is far m ore comprehensive than th a t from empirical
References: Austin, L.G., 1971--72. A review introduction to the description of grinding as a rate process. Powder Technol., 5: 1--17. Austin L.G., 1973. Understanding ball mill sizing. Ind. Eng. Chem. Proc. Des. Develop., 12: 121--129. Austin L.G. and Bhatia, V.K., 1971--72. Experimental methods for grinding studies in laboratory ball mills. Powder Technol., 5: 261--266. Austin L.G. and Luckie, P.T., 1971--72. Methods for determination of breakage distribution parameters. Powder Technol., 5: 215--222. Austin L.G. and Luekie, P.T., 1972. Estimation of non-normalized breakage distribution parameters from batch grinding. Powder Technol., 5: 267--277. Austin L.G., Shoji, K. and Everell, M.D., 1973. An explanation of abnormal breakage of large particles in laboratory mills. Powder Technol., 7: 3--8. Austin L.G., Shoji, K., Bhatia, V.K. and Aplan, F.F., 1974. Extension of the empirical Alyavdin equation for representing batch grinding data. Int. J. Miner. Process., 1: 107-123. Austin, L., Klimpel, R., Shoji, K., Bhatia, V., Jindal, V. and Savage, K., 1976. Some results on the description of size reduction as a rate process in various mills. Ind. Eng. Chem., Process Des. Develop., 15: 187--196. Bard, Y., 1974. Nonlinear Parameter Estimation. Academic Press, New York, N.Y. Bhatia, V.K., 1971. Grinding Studies in Laboratory Ball Mills. Thesis, Dep. Material Sciences Pennsylvania State Univ., Dec. 1971. Blau, G., Klimpel, R. and Steiner, E., 1972a. Equilibrium constant estimation and model distinguishability. Ind. Eng. Chem. Fund., 11: 324--332. Blau, G., Kiimpel, R. and Steiner, E., 1972b. Parameter estimation and model distinguishability of physicochemical models at chemical equilibrium. Can. J. Chem. Eng., 50: pp. 399--409. Draper, N.R. and Smith, H., 1966. Applied Regression Analysis. John Wiley and Sons, New York, N.Y. Gardner, R.P. and Sukanjnajtee, 1972. A combined tracer and back-calculation method for determining particulate breakage functions in ball milling: Part I. Powder Technol., 6: 65. Goldfarb, D. and Lapidus, L., 1968. A rapid method of linearly constrained nonlinear optimization. Ind. Eng. Chem. Fund., 7: 142--151. Herbst, J.A., Grandy, G.A., Mika, T.S. and Fuerstenau, D.W., 1971. An approach to the estimation of the parameters of lumped parameter grinding models from on-line measurements. Proc. 3rd European Symp. on Size Reduction (H. Rumpf and K. Schonert, Editors), pp. 475--514. 32 Himmelblau, D.M., 1970. Process Analysis by Statistical Methods. John Wileyand Sons, New York, N.Y. Kelsall, D.F., Reid, K.J. and Restarick, C.J., 1967--68. Continuous grinding in a small wet bed mill: Part I, A study of the influence of ball diameter. Powder Technol., 1: 291. Klimpel, R. and Austin, L.G., 1970. Determination of selection-for-breakage functions in the batch grinding equation by non-linear optimization. Ind. Eng. Chem. Fund., 9: 230--237. Luckie, P.T. and Austin, L.G., 1972. A Review Introduction to the Solution of the Grinding Equations by Digital Computation. Miner. Sci. Eng., 4: 24--51. Mika, T. and Fuerstenau, D., 1971. The Transient Behavior of a Distributed Parameter Mill Model. Proc. 3rd European Symp. on Size Reduction (H. Rumpf and K. Schonert, Editors), pp. 389--434. N.B.S., 1964. h a n d b o o k of Mathematical Functions. (M. Abramowitz and I.A. Stegon, Editors). National Bureau of Standards, U.S.A., p. 932. Reid, K., 1965. A solution to the batch grinding equation. Chem. Eng. Sci., 20: 953. Shoji, K. and Austin, L.G., 1974. A model for batch rod milling. Powder Technol., 10: 29--35. Snow, R.H., 1973. Grinding mill simulation and scale-up of ball mills. Proc. 1973 Conf. on Particle Technology, IITRI, Chicago, Ill., 1973. Stewart, P.S.B. and Restarick, C.J., 1971. A comparison of the mechanism of breakage in full scale and laboratory scale grinding mills. Proc. Australas. Inst. Min. Metall., 239: 81. Taut~, W.J., Meyer, P. and Austin, L.G., 1973. Proc. IFAC Symp. on Automatic Control in Mining, Mineral and Metal Processing, Sydney, Australia, pp. 11--19.