Biological Explanations Of Crime

The Oxford English Dictionary defines crime as ‘An action or omission which constitutes an offence and is punishable by law’. Crime can be any aggressive, violent, or delinquent behaviour that benefits an actor at the expense of others, it involving the infliction of costs on others, but this infliction may directly involve other people or indirect. Violence refers to aggressive behavior that involves the intentional use of physical force to cause harm, injury, or death to another. Some of the crime are directly inflicted others, it always is violent.
As Frances Heidensohn (1996) said that gender differences are the most significant feature of recorded crime. Generally, males tend to have higher offending rates than those of females, and
There were not significant evidence showed that have a causation between biology and criminal behaviour, but some studies do support there had biological functions have been correlated with aggression and violent. In the early biological, they see some individual are "born criminals" — they are biologically different from non-criminals. The representative work of earlier biological explanations was developed by Cesare Lombroso in the mid- to late 1800s, he developed a theory of deviance in which a person’s bodily constitution indicates whether he is a born criminal. Lombroso proposed that criminals were biological throwbacks to an earlier evolutionary stage, with the physical makeup, mental capabilities, and instincts of primitive man. He concluded that the criminals were physically different. The physical characteristics he used to identify prisoners included an asymmetry of the face or head, large monkey-like ears, large lips, a twisted nose, excessive cheekbones, long arms and excessive wrinkles on the skin. Lombroso declared that males with five or more of these characteristics could be marked as born criminals. Lombroso also believed that tattoos are the markings of born criminals because they stand as evidence of both immortality and insensitivity to physical
When studying human behaviours, identifying which environmental and social contexts might be important remains a significant challenge to researchers trying to identify hormone–behaviour relationships. The effects of testosterone on behaviour are not unidirectional, and the testosterone does not necessarily lead to increase the violence behaviour, however it was a motivation of individuals to assert themselves and to compete for a higher social rank. It depends on the individual's personality and lifestyle, whether it is obtained through violence or other smarter methods. Dabbs and Morris (1990) had found that testosterone levels are closely related to aggressive behaviour, but only to individuals living in unfavorable social conditions. The study found that the people were educated from the upper classes were able to ensure a high social status by means of financial, academic, political and bureaucratic competition, even though they with the high level of testosterone were less tend to related with criminal activity, and vice versa. If an men with lower social and economic status, it is likely willing to ready for the fight, a history of minor crimes, and chronic trouble with parents, teachers, and peers in