Biology Review Questions
Principles of Biology I Exam 4 Review Questions
1. What is the difference between a genotype and a phenotype? 2. Write the genotype of a homozygous recessive, homozygous dominant, and heterozygous pea plant using the trait flower color (p). 3. Different versions of a gene are called ____________. 4. Why are there always two alleles present for each gene at a specific locus? 5. True or False. A dominant allele is always written with a capital letter, whereas the recessive allele is always written in lower-case. 6. True or False. In a sperm or egg, both of the two alleles on the homologous chromosomes are passed on to offspring. 7. When genes are present on the same chromosome, they are inherited separately/ together …show more content…
(circle correct choice). 8. When genes are present on different chromosomes, they are inherited separately/ together (circle correct choice). 9. The name of the process described in #7 is called ____________. 10. The name of the process described in #8 is called ____________.
11. The only way that a recessive trait is ever seen in the phenotype is if the genotype is: homozygous dominant/ heterozygous/ homozygous recessive (circle correct choice).
12. What is the purpose of doing a Punnett square?
13. Do a monohybrid cross between a homozygous recessive pea plant and a heterozygous pea plant, using the trait for flower color (p). List the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring (in %).
14. What do the designations P, F1, and F2 mean?
15. If a plant with white flowers mates with a plant with red flowers, and some of their offspring have pink flowers, then this is probably due to a kind of inheritance called _________________.
16. True or False. Each physical or chemical characteristic that organism show is due to the action of a single gene.
17. What is the difference between a monohybrid and a dihybrid cross?
18.
How would you label the 4 columns and the 4 rows on a dihybrid Punnett square when a female cat with the genotype RrDd is crossed with a male cat with the genotype RrDD? (R=curly tail, r=straight tail, D=long whiskers, d=short whiskers).
19. Explain why individuals look different than what their genes predetermine them to look like.
20. Define polygenic inheritance.
21. Explain why two parents who both have medium color skin are able to produce offspring with either darker or lighter skin than themselves.
22. What is the name of the pigment that produces darker skin color?
23. Define pleiotropy.
24. Explain what the alleles A, B, and o (of the blood group system) code for.
25. List the possible genotypes for blood type A, B, AB and O.
26. Which blood type(s) can a person with type A receive in a blood transfusion? A person with B blood type? A person with AB blood type? A person with O blood type?
27. What happens to the blood cells of type A if they are transfused to a person with blood type O? Which antibodies are involved?
28. Which blood type is the universal donor? Why can this blood type be given to all the other blood types in a blood …show more content…
transfusion?
29.
A woman with blood type AB is married to a man with blood type B. She has an affair with another man who has blood type O. She becomes pregnant and has a child with blood type B. Is it possible to tell from the child’s blood type who is the father? If it is not possible, explain why. If it is possible to tell, which of the men is the father?
30. Draw a Punnett square to determine all the possible blood types of the children from a woman with blood type O mating with a man who has blood type AB.
31. What are the possible genotype(s) of individuals who actually show symptoms of a genetic disorder caused by a recessive allele?
32. What are the possible genotype(s) of individuals who actually show symptoms of a genetic disorder caused by a dominant allele?
33. Individuals who have the heterozygous genotype for a recessive disorder are called _____________.
34. Decide if each of the following genetic disorders is caused by a dominant or recessive allele, and state which ones are sex-linked: A) Hemophilia B) cystic fibrosis C) achondroplasia D) Color blindness E) Huntington B) disease F) Neurofibromatosis G) sickle cell disease H) Duchenne muscular dystrophy I) albinism J)
PKU
35. What is the genetic difference between a person who has sickle cell disease and one who has sickle cell trait?
36. When recessive disorders are carried on a sex chromosome, they are called ___________________ recessive disorders. These disorders are mainly carried on the (circle: X or Y) chromosome.
37. In sex-linked recessive disorders, why do males always show symptoms of the disease if they inherit the recessive gene, while females only show it if their genotype is homozygous recessive?
38. Affected men always inherit the sex-linked recessive alleles (such as color blindness) from their: (circle: mother or father).
39. Is the father of a color blind woman normal or color blind? Explain your answer.
40. What is the chance that a woman who is a carrier of the cystic fibrosis gene will have children who have the disorder, if her husband has cystic fibrosis? (hint: perform a Punnett square).
41. What kind of genetic process causes Down syndrome?
42. Describe 4 syndromes that can result due to a non-disjunction event at the sex chromosomes and list the different genotypes of individuals who have these disorders.
43. Define evolution.
44. What are fossils and what kinds of remains can become fossils? 45. How does evidence from: a) the fossil record, b) genetics, and d) anatomy indicate that organisms change over time? 46Within rock strata, where are the youngest fossils found? Where are the oldest fossils found? 47.What are the oldest fossils on Earth and where are they found? 48.How did the Christian view of the origin and nature of living things differ from the evidence presented by the fossil record? 49.What is catastrophism and who proposed it? 50.How was the theory proposed by Comte de Buffon similar to Darwin’s theory? 51.What kind of support did Charles Lyell’s research contribute to evolutionary thought? 52. Summarize Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection. 53. What is speciation and what causes it? 54. How does variation in a population arise? 55. What are adaptive traits and how are they affected by natural selection? 56. Explain why an adaptive trait may not be adaptive as time goes on. 57. What kind of organism is currently thought to be the ancestral organism to all living things? 58. Why is it incorrect to say that a certain organism is more evolved than another? 59.Why is it incorrect to say that an individual evolves? 60.What are Hox genes and how do they support evolutionary theory? 61.What are homologous structures and how do they support evolutionary theory? 62. What are vestigial structures and how do they support evolutionary theory 63. The following human pedigree shows a family affected by sickle cell disease.
What are the genotypes of the following individuals:
I1, I2, II1, II3, II4, II5, II7, III5?
Which individuals have sickle cell trait?
[pic]
1. What is the difference between a genotype and a phenotype? 2. Write the genotype of a homozygous recessive, homozygous dominant, and heterozygous pea plant using the trait flower color (p). 3. Different versions of a gene are called ____________. 4. Why are there always two alleles present for each gene at a specific locus? 5. True or False. A dominant allele is always written with a capital letter, whereas the recessive allele is always written in lower-case. 6. True or False. In a sperm or egg, both of the two alleles on the homologous chromosomes are passed on to offspring. 7. When genes are present on the same chromosome, they are inherited separately/ together …show more content…
(circle correct choice). 8. When genes are present on different chromosomes, they are inherited separately/ together (circle correct choice). 9. The name of the process described in #7 is called ____________. 10. The name of the process described in #8 is called ____________.
11. The only way that a recessive trait is ever seen in the phenotype is if the genotype is: homozygous dominant/ heterozygous/ homozygous recessive (circle correct choice).
12. What is the purpose of doing a Punnett square?
13. Do a monohybrid cross between a homozygous recessive pea plant and a heterozygous pea plant, using the trait for flower color (p). List the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring (in %).
14. What do the designations P, F1, and F2 mean?
15. If a plant with white flowers mates with a plant with red flowers, and some of their offspring have pink flowers, then this is probably due to a kind of inheritance called _________________.
16. True or False. Each physical or chemical characteristic that organism show is due to the action of a single gene.
17. What is the difference between a monohybrid and a dihybrid cross?
18.
How would you label the 4 columns and the 4 rows on a dihybrid Punnett square when a female cat with the genotype RrDd is crossed with a male cat with the genotype RrDD? (R=curly tail, r=straight tail, D=long whiskers, d=short whiskers).
19. Explain why individuals look different than what their genes predetermine them to look like.
20. Define polygenic inheritance.
21. Explain why two parents who both have medium color skin are able to produce offspring with either darker or lighter skin than themselves.
22. What is the name of the pigment that produces darker skin color?
23. Define pleiotropy.
24. Explain what the alleles A, B, and o (of the blood group system) code for.
25. List the possible genotypes for blood type A, B, AB and O.
26. Which blood type(s) can a person with type A receive in a blood transfusion? A person with B blood type? A person with AB blood type? A person with O blood type?
27. What happens to the blood cells of type A if they are transfused to a person with blood type O? Which antibodies are involved?
28. Which blood type is the universal donor? Why can this blood type be given to all the other blood types in a blood …show more content…
transfusion?
29.
A woman with blood type AB is married to a man with blood type B. She has an affair with another man who has blood type O. She becomes pregnant and has a child with blood type B. Is it possible to tell from the child’s blood type who is the father? If it is not possible, explain why. If it is possible to tell, which of the men is the father?
30. Draw a Punnett square to determine all the possible blood types of the children from a woman with blood type O mating with a man who has blood type AB.
31. What are the possible genotype(s) of individuals who actually show symptoms of a genetic disorder caused by a recessive allele?
32. What are the possible genotype(s) of individuals who actually show symptoms of a genetic disorder caused by a dominant allele?
33. Individuals who have the heterozygous genotype for a recessive disorder are called _____________.
34. Decide if each of the following genetic disorders is caused by a dominant or recessive allele, and state which ones are sex-linked: A) Hemophilia B) cystic fibrosis C) achondroplasia D) Color blindness E) Huntington B) disease F) Neurofibromatosis G) sickle cell disease H) Duchenne muscular dystrophy I) albinism J)
PKU
35. What is the genetic difference between a person who has sickle cell disease and one who has sickle cell trait?
36. When recessive disorders are carried on a sex chromosome, they are called ___________________ recessive disorders. These disorders are mainly carried on the (circle: X or Y) chromosome.
37. In sex-linked recessive disorders, why do males always show symptoms of the disease if they inherit the recessive gene, while females only show it if their genotype is homozygous recessive?
38. Affected men always inherit the sex-linked recessive alleles (such as color blindness) from their: (circle: mother or father).
39. Is the father of a color blind woman normal or color blind? Explain your answer.
40. What is the chance that a woman who is a carrier of the cystic fibrosis gene will have children who have the disorder, if her husband has cystic fibrosis? (hint: perform a Punnett square).
41. What kind of genetic process causes Down syndrome?
42. Describe 4 syndromes that can result due to a non-disjunction event at the sex chromosomes and list the different genotypes of individuals who have these disorders.
43. Define evolution.
44. What are fossils and what kinds of remains can become fossils? 45. How does evidence from: a) the fossil record, b) genetics, and d) anatomy indicate that organisms change over time? 46Within rock strata, where are the youngest fossils found? Where are the oldest fossils found? 47.What are the oldest fossils on Earth and where are they found? 48.How did the Christian view of the origin and nature of living things differ from the evidence presented by the fossil record? 49.What is catastrophism and who proposed it? 50.How was the theory proposed by Comte de Buffon similar to Darwin’s theory? 51.What kind of support did Charles Lyell’s research contribute to evolutionary thought? 52. Summarize Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection. 53. What is speciation and what causes it? 54. How does variation in a population arise? 55. What are adaptive traits and how are they affected by natural selection? 56. Explain why an adaptive trait may not be adaptive as time goes on. 57. What kind of organism is currently thought to be the ancestral organism to all living things? 58. Why is it incorrect to say that a certain organism is more evolved than another? 59.Why is it incorrect to say that an individual evolves? 60.What are Hox genes and how do they support evolutionary theory? 61.What are homologous structures and how do they support evolutionary theory? 62. What are vestigial structures and how do they support evolutionary theory 63. The following human pedigree shows a family affected by sickle cell disease.
What are the genotypes of the following individuals:
I1, I2, II1, II3, II4, II5, II7, III5?
Which individuals have sickle cell trait?
[pic]