Bone Markings Essay
Analyze the bone markings of the vertebrae and distinguish among the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae.
Vertebrae possess a vertebral body, which is anterior in position which are the major weight bearing components of the bone. Attached to the posterior of the body is a posteriorly projecting piece of bone known as a pedicle. There is a pedicle on the left and right hand sides. The pedicle is continuous with the lamina. The lamina from the left and right sides join in the midline and form a bony protuberance known as the spinous process. At the point where the pedicles meet the laminae, there is a laterally projecting piece of bone known as the transverse process. There are two upward and two downward projecting protuberances of bone, …show more content…
which are attached to the laminae and pedicles. These are the articular processes. There is a set of superior and inferior articular processes.
Cervical: transverse processes have a round foramen transversarium located within their structure. The spinous processes are short and bifid. The vertebral foramen is large and triangular in shape.
Thoracic: A typical thoracic vertebra has two partial facets (superior and inferior costal facets) on each side of the vertebral body for articulation with the head of its own rib and the head of the rib below. The superior costal facet is much larger than the inferior costal facet. Each transverse process also has a facet (transverse costal facet) for articulation with the tubercle of its own rib. The vertebral body of the vertebra is somewhat heart-shaped when viewed from above, and the vertebral foramen is circular.
Lumbar: The five lumbar vertebrae are distinguished from vertebrae in other regions by their large size and kidney shape. Also, they lack facets for articulation with ribs. The transverse processes are generally thin and long. The vertebral body of a typical lumbar vertebra is cylindrical and the vertebral foramen is triangular in shape and larger than in the thoracic vertebrae.
Sacral: The sacrum is a single bone that represents the five fused sacral vertebrae which form a single, wedge shaped piece of bone. It is triangular in shape with the apex pointed inferiorly, and is curved so that it has a concave anterior surface and a corresponding convex posterior surface. It articulates above with vertebra LV and below with the coccyx. It has two large L-shaped facets, one on each lateral surface, for articulation with the pelvic bones.
Coccygeal: The coccyx is a small triangular bone that articulates with the inferior end of the sacrum and represents three to four fused coccygeal vertebrae. It is characterized by its small size and by the absence of vertebral arches and therefore a vertebral canal.
Evaluate synarthrotic, amphiarthrotic, and diarthrotic joints detailing the type of movement and location of each. Provide several examples for each joint.
Synarthrotic: A synarthrosis is a type of joint which permits very little or no movement under normal conditions. Most synarthrosis joints are fibrous joints. Suture joints, which are present between the bones in the skull, are an example of a synarthrosis.
Ampiarthrotic: Amphiarthrosis is a type of continuous, slightly movable joint. An ampiarthrotic joint the joint surfaces are connected either by broad flattened disks of fibrocartilage and are found in the connections between vertebrae. Other ampiarthrotic joints are united by an interosseus ligament - such as the inferior tibiofibular articulation.
Diarthrotic: diarthrotic (synovial) joints are very common joints in the body and permit a large amount of movement. Examples of these type of joints are gliding joints in the carpals of the wrist, or the ball and socket joints of the hip and shoulder.
A joint, or articulation, is the place where two bones come together. There are three types of joints classified by the amount of movement they allow: immovable, slightly movable, and freely movable.
Immovable joints are synarthroses. In this type of joint, the bones are in very close contact and are separated only by a thin layer of fibrous connective tissue. An example of a synarthrosis is the suture in the skull between skull bones.
Slightly movable joints are called amphiarthroses. This type of joint is defined by how the bones are connected by hyaline cartilage (fibro cartilage). The ribs that connect to the sternum are an example of an amphiarthrosis joint.
Evaluate the six diarthrotic joints including the movement seen in each joint and provide examples of each.
Most of the joints in the adult human body are freely movable joints. This type of joint is called a diarthrosis joint. There are six types of diarthroses joints. These are:
Ball-and-Socket: The ball-shaped end of one bone fits into a cup shaped socket on the other bone allowing the widest range of motion including rotation. Examples include the shoulder and hip.
Condyloid: Oval shaped condyle fits into elliptical cavity of another allowing angular motion but not rotation. This occurs between the metacarpals (bones in the palm of the hand) and phalanges (fingers) and between the metatarsals (foot bones excluding heel) and phalanges (toes).
Saddle: This type of joint occurs when the touching surfaces of two bones have both concave and convex regions with the shapes of the two bones complementing one other and allowing a wide range of movement. The only saddle joint in the body is in the thumb.
Pivot: Rounded or conical surfaces of one bone fit into a ring of one or tendon allowing rotation. An example is the joint between the axis and atlas in the neck.
Hinge: It is a convex projection on one-bone fits into a concave depression in the other permitting only flexion and extension in the elbow and knee joints.
Gliding: Flat or slightly flat surfaces move against each other allowing sliding or twisting without any circular movement. This happens in the carpals in the wrist and the tarsals in the ankle.
Categorize three different joints found within the vertebrae, including the bone markings of each bone and the movements produced by those joints.
A joint is a meeting, or juncture, between two or more bones within the skeletal system. They are classified as synarthrotic, amphiarthrotic, or diarthrotic, based upon how much mobility they provide to that particular part of the body.
A synarthrotic joint provides little or no movement, whatsoever. The suture lines in the skull would be a perfect example of a synarthrotic joint. When an infant is born, the skull is largeley cartilaginous, to facilitate the infants passing through the birth canal. The cartilage later turns to bones, the suture lines represent where the skull pieces came together.
An amphiarthrotic joint is a joint that provides limited movement to that particular part of the body. A good example of that would be the joints in the backbone, between the individual vertebras of the
backbone.
And finally, the diarthrotic joints represent those with the greatest flexibility of movement. A good example of a diarthrotic joint would be the phalanges, fingers or toes, the hip, the elbow, the knee, and the shoulder.
Vertebrae possess a vertebral body, which is anterior in position which are the major weight bearing components of the bone. Attached to the posterior of the body is a posteriorly projecting piece of bone known as a pedicle. There is a pedicle on the left and right hand sides. The pedicle is continuous with the lamina. The lamina from the left and right sides join in the midline and form a bony protuberance known as the spinous process. At the point where the pedicles meet the laminae, there is a laterally projecting piece of bone known as the transverse process. There are two upward and two downward projecting protuberances of bone, …show more content…
which are attached to the laminae and pedicles. These are the articular processes. There is a set of superior and inferior articular processes.
Cervical: transverse processes have a round foramen transversarium located within their structure. The spinous processes are short and bifid. The vertebral foramen is large and triangular in shape.
Thoracic: A typical thoracic vertebra has two partial facets (superior and inferior costal facets) on each side of the vertebral body for articulation with the head of its own rib and the head of the rib below. The superior costal facet is much larger than the inferior costal facet. Each transverse process also has a facet (transverse costal facet) for articulation with the tubercle of its own rib. The vertebral body of the vertebra is somewhat heart-shaped when viewed from above, and the vertebral foramen is circular.
Lumbar: The five lumbar vertebrae are distinguished from vertebrae in other regions by their large size and kidney shape. Also, they lack facets for articulation with ribs. The transverse processes are generally thin and long. The vertebral body of a typical lumbar vertebra is cylindrical and the vertebral foramen is triangular in shape and larger than in the thoracic vertebrae.
Sacral: The sacrum is a single bone that represents the five fused sacral vertebrae which form a single, wedge shaped piece of bone. It is triangular in shape with the apex pointed inferiorly, and is curved so that it has a concave anterior surface and a corresponding convex posterior surface. It articulates above with vertebra LV and below with the coccyx. It has two large L-shaped facets, one on each lateral surface, for articulation with the pelvic bones.
Coccygeal: The coccyx is a small triangular bone that articulates with the inferior end of the sacrum and represents three to four fused coccygeal vertebrae. It is characterized by its small size and by the absence of vertebral arches and therefore a vertebral canal.
Evaluate synarthrotic, amphiarthrotic, and diarthrotic joints detailing the type of movement and location of each. Provide several examples for each joint.
Synarthrotic: A synarthrosis is a type of joint which permits very little or no movement under normal conditions. Most synarthrosis joints are fibrous joints. Suture joints, which are present between the bones in the skull, are an example of a synarthrosis.
Ampiarthrotic: Amphiarthrosis is a type of continuous, slightly movable joint. An ampiarthrotic joint the joint surfaces are connected either by broad flattened disks of fibrocartilage and are found in the connections between vertebrae. Other ampiarthrotic joints are united by an interosseus ligament - such as the inferior tibiofibular articulation.
Diarthrotic: diarthrotic (synovial) joints are very common joints in the body and permit a large amount of movement. Examples of these type of joints are gliding joints in the carpals of the wrist, or the ball and socket joints of the hip and shoulder.
A joint, or articulation, is the place where two bones come together. There are three types of joints classified by the amount of movement they allow: immovable, slightly movable, and freely movable.
Immovable joints are synarthroses. In this type of joint, the bones are in very close contact and are separated only by a thin layer of fibrous connective tissue. An example of a synarthrosis is the suture in the skull between skull bones.
Slightly movable joints are called amphiarthroses. This type of joint is defined by how the bones are connected by hyaline cartilage (fibro cartilage). The ribs that connect to the sternum are an example of an amphiarthrosis joint.
Evaluate the six diarthrotic joints including the movement seen in each joint and provide examples of each.
Most of the joints in the adult human body are freely movable joints. This type of joint is called a diarthrosis joint. There are six types of diarthroses joints. These are:
Ball-and-Socket: The ball-shaped end of one bone fits into a cup shaped socket on the other bone allowing the widest range of motion including rotation. Examples include the shoulder and hip.
Condyloid: Oval shaped condyle fits into elliptical cavity of another allowing angular motion but not rotation. This occurs between the metacarpals (bones in the palm of the hand) and phalanges (fingers) and between the metatarsals (foot bones excluding heel) and phalanges (toes).
Saddle: This type of joint occurs when the touching surfaces of two bones have both concave and convex regions with the shapes of the two bones complementing one other and allowing a wide range of movement. The only saddle joint in the body is in the thumb.
Pivot: Rounded or conical surfaces of one bone fit into a ring of one or tendon allowing rotation. An example is the joint between the axis and atlas in the neck.
Hinge: It is a convex projection on one-bone fits into a concave depression in the other permitting only flexion and extension in the elbow and knee joints.
Gliding: Flat or slightly flat surfaces move against each other allowing sliding or twisting without any circular movement. This happens in the carpals in the wrist and the tarsals in the ankle.
Categorize three different joints found within the vertebrae, including the bone markings of each bone and the movements produced by those joints.
A joint is a meeting, or juncture, between two or more bones within the skeletal system. They are classified as synarthrotic, amphiarthrotic, or diarthrotic, based upon how much mobility they provide to that particular part of the body.
A synarthrotic joint provides little or no movement, whatsoever. The suture lines in the skull would be a perfect example of a synarthrotic joint. When an infant is born, the skull is largeley cartilaginous, to facilitate the infants passing through the birth canal. The cartilage later turns to bones, the suture lines represent where the skull pieces came together.
An amphiarthrotic joint is a joint that provides limited movement to that particular part of the body. A good example of that would be the joints in the backbone, between the individual vertebras of the
backbone.
And finally, the diarthrotic joints represent those with the greatest flexibility of movement. A good example of a diarthrotic joint would be the phalanges, fingers or toes, the hip, the elbow, the knee, and the shoulder.