Canada And Ww1 Unit 1 Essay

Grade 10: History Exam Notes
Unit 1: Canada and WW1
Important Terms
Militarism: A nation’s policy of enlisting, training, equipping, and maintaining armed forces ready for war.
Alliances: A formal agreement of support and cooperation, usually economic or military terms.
Imperialism: The building of empires taking over overseas territories.
Nationalism: A strong attachment to one’s nation.
Triple Entente: France, Russia, Britain (Canada)
Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy (Central Power)
“No Man’s Land”: Narrow, muddy, treeless stretch of land, filled with shell holes, that separated German and Allied trenches; where most of the fighting took place and considered very dangerous since it offered little or no protection
for soldiers.
Chlorine gas: Gaseous chlorine, a chemical weapon that acts as a choking agent, searing the lining of the respiratory tract.
Conscription: Forced participation in military service (the draft).
Propaganda: A specific type of message presentation aimed of serving an agenda.
Important Events
Schlieffen Plan: was the German plan of attack designed to defeat France quickly and then turn on Russia. It was intended to avoid a war on two fronts.
Battle of the Somme: • The battle of the Somme, fought in France from July to November 1916, was one of Italy’s disasters. The Central Powers had suffered more casualties, and General Haig claimed victory, even though the Allies had gained only 8 km of mud. This was the first time tanks were used by Britains, but they got stuck on mud.
Second Battle of Ypres: • Fought in Belgium in April 1915, was the first time Canadians battled as a Canadian unit. French and Canadian troops experienced gas warfare for the first time. Gas warfare was illegal but the Germans used it for war. To survive, soldiers peed on a cloth and used it as a gas mask. British reinforcements helped prevent further German advances.
Vimy Ridge: • Vimy Ridge was taken place in France in April 1917. This made Canada a nation. The battle of Vimy Ridge was an important turning point for Canada because it brought both world recognition and a strong sense of patriotism. Canadians took more guns, ground and German prisoners.
Passchendale:
• Took place at Belgium during the late October and early November 1917. General Haig launched a new assault with a massive artillery bombardment that destroyed the drainage system and left massive shell holes across the fields. General Arthur Currie brought an increasingly independent Canadian point of view to the British war effort.
Conscription:
• Many Canadians supported conscription because they had family members fighting overseas. Farmers were against it because they needed men to work on farms and conscription would take these men away. The French Canadians, however, took the blame. French Canadians were against conscription because Robert Borden said there would be no conscription , felt no realities to England or France, Training manuals were written in English only, and no Catholic priests (only Protestant ministers). • On May 18, 1917 Borden announced a new policy of conscription. • Military Service Bill was passed a month later, making military service compulsory for all men between the ages of 20 and 45 years. Half of all Canadians opposed Borden’s bill. French Canadians rioted in Montreal. When first group of men were called many tried to be exempt and others disappeared. ❖ French Canadians didn’t want to fight ❖ Felt little connection to France and even less to England ❖ Didn’t like English Imperialism ❖ Didn’t speak English ; army spoke only English ❖ French couples married young ❖ There was rioting and looting of businesses ❖ Divided Canada
Important People
Robert Borden: • Prime Minister Robert Borden led Canada through World War 1, eventually committing 500,000 troops to the war effort. Robert Borden formed a Union Government of Liberals and Conservatives to implement conscription, but the conscription issue split the country bitterly - with the English supporting sending troops to help Britain and the French adamantly opposed.
Sam Hughes: • Minster of Militia and Defence. • Insisted Canadians not to be divided amongst British units -> creation of Canadian corps. • Poorly prepared troops for battle (Ross rifle, MacAdam shovel)
Archduke Franz Ferdinand: • The Crown Prince of Austria.
Practice Questions:
1.
What are the underlying and immediate causes of World War 1? • The underlying and immediate causes of World War 1 were Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism, and the Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.
2. Why did Canada become involved in a war that originally did not seem to concern her? Why did Canada automatically enter the war when Britain did? • Canada became involved in a war the originally did not seem to concern her because Canada was a proud and loyal member of the British Empire. Canada's relations with foreign powers were in hand of Great Britain. When Britain was at war, Canada was automatically at war, but Canada could determine the extent and nature of its effort.
3. Why did men enlist for military service? Why would they not enlist? • For many young men the whole thing was expected to be an adventure that would be exciting and promised that they would "be home in time for Christmas". Then came Kitchener's poster campaign, "Your Country Needs YOU !" and the public conception became that anyone who did not volunteer was, by definition, an unpatriotic coward. • Reasons men would not enlist would be they would have a big chance of dying, it’s not the adventure they are looking for or expecting and the government service is
low.
4. What was the role of women during WWI? • Women did meticulous work: ❖ Helped roll bandages and knit socks (Red Cross) ❖ Were ambulances drivers ❖ Went overseas as nurses ❖ Joined royal air force – engineers ❖ Worked in munitions factories ❖ Borrowed money from public ❖ Saved food (reduced food consumption) ❖ Recruited children to work for the war effort ❖ Produced more food ❖ Taxes placed on items to raise money
5. Why did the Schlieffen Plan fail? • The Schlieffen Plan failed because Germany was supposed to sweep through Belgium quickly but Belgium resisted and French moved quickly.
6. Why is the Battle of Vimy Ridge historically significant to WWI and to Canadian identify? • Canada's role in the Battle of Vimy Ridge earned Canada a reputation as formidable and effective. The Canadian victory over Vimy Ridge became a defining moment for Canada and the country now had a possibility to escape from the shadows of Britain. Although the victory came with a great cost, with more than 10,000 killed and wounded, it helped prove Canada in front of other world countries.
7. What were the reasons that the US became involved in the war? • The US became involved in the war because the Germans sunk the Lusitania which was carrying innocent American civilians (along with supplies and weapons for Great Britain).
8. What were the strategies and subject matter of propaganda from the first World War? • Propagandas were used to justify nation’s involvement to their own populace, as a means of recruiting men, a way to raise money and resources to sustain the military campaign, and to urge conservation.
9. What is suffrage? • The right to vote in political elections.
Unit 2: The Roaring Twenties and the Great Depression
Important Terms
Stock Market Crash: A stock market crash is a sudden dramatic decline of stock prices across a significant cross-section of a stock market, resulting in a significant loss of paper wealth.
Relief Camps: Relief Camps were the camps for the people who were unemployed and couldn't make a living. These Camps gave food, clothes and 20 cents of wage a day.
Unions: The action or fact of joining together or being joined together. Dustbowl: a period of severe dust storms causing major ecological and agricultural damage to American and Canadian prairie lands in the 1930s, particularly in 1934 and 1936.

Important Events
On to Ottawa Trek: • A long journey where thousands of unemployed men protesting the dismal conditions in federal relief camps scattered in remote areas across Western Canada.
The Great Depression: • The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression in the decade preceding World War II. The timing of the Great Depression varied across nations, but in most countries it started in 1930 and lasted until the late 1930s or middle 1940s.[1] It was the longest, most widespread, and deepest depression of the 20th century.
The Winnipeg General: • For six weeks in the summer of 1919 the city of Winnipeg, Manitoba was crippled by a massive and dramatic general strike. Frustrated by unemployment, inflation, poor working conditions and regional disparities after World War I, workers from both the private and public sectors joined forces to shut down or drastically reduce most services. The workers were orderly and peaceful, but the reaction from the employers, city council and the federal government was aggressive.
The Persons Case: • The 1929 Persons' Case is one of the major achievements by Canadians for Canadians. The Famous 5 succeeded in having women defined as "persons" in Section 24 of the British North America Act and thereby, eligible for appointment to the Senate. This victory symbolized the right of women to participate in all facets of life, to "dream big" and to realize their potential.
Important People:
R.B Bennett: • The 11th Prime Minister of Canada from August 7, 1930, to October 23, 1935, during the worst of the Great Depression years. Bennett helped businesses survive and grow and he provided jobs to workers; stimulate businesses to grow.
Group of Seven: • In 1920, J.E.H. MacDonald, Lawren Harris, A.Y. Jackson, Arthur Lismer, Franklin Carmichael, F.H. Varley and Frank Johnston officially formed this now famous group. These were painters bitten by the Canadian north who, for the first time, took on the task of painting the great power, scenery and spirit of their land.
William Lyon Mackenzie: • Was the dominant Canadian political leader from the 1920s through the 1940s. Trained in law and social work, he was keenly interested in the human condition (as a boy, his motto was "Help those that cannot help themselves"). Mackenzie King was mild-mannered and had a bland public personality.
The Famous Five: • The Famous 5 are five women, truly pioneers, who in Alberta in the early part of the 20th century shaped the future of the lives of all Canadian women to come. Because of their efforts, on October 18, 1929, the Privy Council declared in the famous " Person's Case of 1929" that women were persons and thus eligible to hold any appointed or elected office.
Practice Questions:
What were the underlying and immediate causes of the Great Depression? • Over-Production and Over-Expansion
- Industrialists piled many goods in warehouses and they weren't sold which caused a downward spiral because owners panicked, it slowed down production, laid off workers, less money to buy things, others with jobs slowed their spending through fear of unemployment. • Canada's Dependence on a Few Primary Products
- When a country depends on a few primary products and there is a surplus on a world market, or other countries stop buying, the country ends up being very vulnerable economically.
This caused a chain reaction because farmers and fishers can't buy their goods and equipment, then manufactured products can't be sold to them, then other industries start to lose their business. • Canada's Dependence on the United States ❖ 65% of Canada's imports came from the U.S ❖ 40% of our exports went to the US ❖ the bulk of our investment funds also came from the United States • High Tariffs Choked Off International Trade ❖ Home industries placed high taxes on foreign imports to encourage their own people to buy their products ❖ Many people found it too expensive to buy imported goods. Therefore, exporters weren't making any good. ❖ Too Much Credit Buying ❖ When you buy on credit, you owe a lot of money and you could get sick or lose your job. ❖ Interest charges raise the cost of everything. • Too much Credit Buying Of Stocks ❖ Many people bought stocks by borrowing money ❖ When the stock market crashed , they not only lost part of their original investment, they also had to pay back what they owed for the original stock.
2. What were the political parties that arose out of the Great Depression? Why did they develop?
3. What was it like to live in the 1920s and 1930s in Canada? • Economy: In 1920’s, economy was rich; in 1930’s, people lost everything gambled in stock market, employers lost money and fired workers • Some people would ‘ride the rods’ à ride the train illegally to find jobs • Relief camps had bad food, no doctors, poor pay, denied right to vote; this caused the On to Ottawa Trek and Regina Riot • Fashion: 1920’s à double-breasted suit, trousers; navy all-wool serge, crepe-de-Chine • 1930’s à long jacket, tweed; long dresses • Music: 1920’s à fast tempo, rhythmic; jazz (sax, brass, rhythm, piano) • Came from US culture; blend of European and African music • Originated among Black American artists in 1800’s • Chautauqua: speakers talking/singing about peace, traveling show
What new consumer goods were introduced in the 1920s and 1930s? How did they change the everyday lives of Canadians? • New Technology and Consumer Goods ❖ The Radio: connected urban and rural areas, united a nation ❖ The Telephone ❖ The Automobile
5. What was the Person's Case of 1929 and why was it significant? • The 1929 Persons' Case is one of the major achievements by Canadians for Canadians. This was significant because it allowed women to Senate; more power, freedom, ability to vote.
Unit 3: Canada and WW2
Important Terms:
Isolationism: A policy of remaining apart from the affairs or interests of other groups, esp. the political affairs of other countries.
Fascism: Someone who believes in a totalitarian state rule by a supreme leader (dictator) who controls everything possible and treats people harshly -- to gain the leader's own success,* to foment an aggressive military nationalism, and to promote a Social Darwinist belief that hard life strengthens the state by weeding out the weak.
Appeasement: To bring to a state of peace, quiet, ease, calm, or contentment; pacify; soothe.
League of Nations: A world organization established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace.
Treaty of Versailles: The treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans.
NAZI: A form of socialism featuring racism and expansionism and obedience to a strong leader.

Conscription: Compulsory enlistment for state service, typically into the military.
Internment Camps: Prison camp: a camp for prisoners of war.
Atomic Bomb: A very destructive bomb that derives its explosive power from the fission of atomic nuclei.
Final Solution: The Nazi policy of exterminating European Jews 1941–45.
Important Events:
Dieppe Raid, August 19, 1942: • Canadian troops were not well-prepared. They lacked artillery support, and were outgunned by the Germans. Canadian officers were eager to get in action, and enthusiastically supported the plan as a way for Canadian troops to get battle experience. The attack combined air, naval l, and land operations.
Pearl Harbour, December 7, 1941: • On the morning of December 7, 1941, the Japanese launched a surprise air attack on the U.S. Naval Base at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii. After just two hours of bombing, more than 2,400 Americans were dead, 21 ships* had either been sunk or damaged, and more than 188 U.S. aircraft destroyed. The attack at Pearl Harbor so outraged Americans that the U.S. abandoned its policy of isolationism and declared war on Japan the following day -- officially bringing the United States into World War II.
Holocaust, 1933-1945: • Nuremberg Laws ❖ Jews can’t have German citizenship, fired from jobs, banned from German schools, no marriage, carry ID cards, synagogues destroyed; passed September 1935 ❖ Not allowed to leave protected area; no communications ❖ Not for safety of country; power over Jews ❖ Kristalnacht: night of broken glass; synagogues/businesses destroyed

• Canada and the Holocaust ❖ St. Louis ship full of Jews victims of Nazi Germany fleeing ❖ Rejected by USA, Cuba, Canada; back to Europe, die in concentration camps ❖ FC Blair, minister of immigration; no Jews to Canada, restrict Jew migration ❖ Jews needed help, dying, no harm, victims, refugees • Segregation ❖ Ghettos isolated Jews from society ❖ Poor sanitation, overcrowding, disease, starving ❖ Auschwitz, Poland held 500,000 people ❖ Warsaw Ghetto revolt launched against Germans ❖ Opposed Nazi Germany’s effort to transport Ghetto population • Concentration Camps ❖ Ship Jews to Madagascar, murder Jews; isolate ❖ Jews, communists, homosexuals, opponents, gypsies, anti-Nazi Germans ❖ Transported in cattle freight cars, built on railroad lines ❖ Possessions gone, shave heads, tattoo arms, uniform, separated families, unsanitary medical experimenting ❖ Joseph Menegele angel of death; experiments on people ❖ Dissection; high voltage shocks • Final Solution: complete mass extermination of Jews; Wonzi Conference ❖ People killed in gas chambers, shot, starved, worked to death ❖ Crematoriums destroyed, Allied troops come, hid everything
D-Day, June 6, 1944: • Had massive air and naval support. Although Canadian forces were smaller than the other Allied forces, their contribution to the invasion of France was critical. Largest invasion in history; joint attack by Canadian, British, American troop. They managed to keep the details of the attack a secret from the Germans.

Important People:
Adolfo Hitler: • Born in 1889 in Austria; weak Democratic government set up in Germany. • Recruited to monitor German Workers Party, changed to Nazi Party • Speeches earned donation; blame Jews for inflation, unemployment, politics • Fall of Weimar Republic; rid government of communists and Jews • Putsch- rally at Munich; attempt to take over government; 9 months prison • Mein Kampf: attacks against communists, democrats, Jews • Germans are master race; should be reunited “Lebensraum” • Seized power constitutionally to create new empire • US stock market crashed in 1929; in 1932, six million people unemployed in Germany • Hitler’s Party is largest in Germany; fire in Reichstag…Enabling Act • Allowed Hitler dictatorial powers; Hitler à law against establishment of parties
Benito Mussolini: • Took power in fast, bloody way; by 1922, destroyed Rome & government • Created Fascist government (Democracy weakened); secret police force • Banned opposing political parties/workers unions, stop freedom of expression
Axis Powers: • Germany, Italy, Japan
Allied Power: • Canada, France, Britain ( Us and Soviet Union joined in 1941)
Practice Questions:
1. What are the underlying and immediate causes of World War 2? • World War Two began in September 1939 when Britain and France declared war on Germany following Germany's invasion of Poland. • Treaty of Versailles ❖ The German people were very unhappy about the treaty and thought that it was too harsh. Germany could not afford to pay the money and during the 1920s the people in Germany were very poor. There were not many jobs and the price of food and basic goods was high. People were dissatisfied with the government and voted to power a man who promised to rip up the Treaty of Versailles. His name was Adolf Hitler. ❖ Adolf Hitler became Chancellor of Germany in January 1933. Almost immediately he began secretly building up Germany's army and weapons. In 1934 he increased the size of the army, began building warships and created a German airforce. Compulsory military service was also introduced. ❖ Hitler was not a man of his word and in March 1939 invaded the rest of Czechoslovakia. Despite calls for help from the Czechoslovak government, neither Britain nor France was prepared to take military action against Hitler. However, some action was now necessary and believing that Poland would be Hitler's next target, both Britain and France promised that they would take military action against Hitler if he invaded Poland. Chamberlain believed that, faced with the prospect of war against Britain and France, Hitler would stop his aggression. Chamberlain was wrong. German troops invaded Poland on 1st September 1939. • Failure of Appeasement ❖ Appeasement means giving in to someone provided their demands are seen as reasonable. During the 1930s, many politicians in both Britain and France came to see that the terms of the Treaty of Versailles had placed restrictions on Germany that were unfair. Hitler's actions were seen as understandable and justifiable. ❖ The Munich Agreement, signed by the leaders of Germany, Britain, France and Italy, agreed that the Sudetenland would be returned to Germany and that no further territorial claims would be made by Germany. The Czech government was not invited to the conference and protested about the loss of the Sudetenland. They felt that they had been betrayed by both Britain and France with whom alliances had been made. However, the Munich Agreement was generally viewed as a triumph and an excellent example of securing peace through negotiation rather than war. ❖ When Hitler invaded the rest of Czechoslovakia in March 1939, he broke the terms of the Munich Agreement. Although it was realised that the policy of appeasement had failed, Chamberlain was still not prepared to take the country to war over "..a quarrel in a far-away country between people of whom we know nothing." Instead, he made a guarantee to come to Poland's aid if Hitler invaded Poland.
What were the impacts of the Treaty of Versailles? • The Treaty of Versailles was a peace treaty, signed on June 28, 1919, to officially end World War I. This treaty required Germany to accept full responsibility for the war. It also forced Germany to pay reparations to various countries that were damaged by the war. Germany was also divided to be controlled by certain ally forces. Germany’s army was limited to 100,000 active troops and no aircraft, tanks, gas, or heavy artillery. •