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Carbohydrate

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Carbohydrate
January 1999

B io Factsheet
Example glucose fructose galactose

Number 39

Carbohydrates: Revision Summary
Carbohydrates contain 3 elements: Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H) and Oxygen (O). Thus, if we remove water from carbohydrates, all that remains is carbon. Carbohydrates can be divided into 3 categories; monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides (Table 1).
Table 1. Structure of monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides Category Monosaccharide (made of 1 sugar molecule)

Site fruit fruit, nectar milk
H

Structure
OH

OH

H

α-glucose Disaccharide (made of 2 monosaccharides joined together) Polysaccharide (made of many monosaccharides joined together) maltose = α-glucose + α-glucose sucrose = glucose + fructose lactose = glucose + galactose germinating seeds phloem tissue, fruit milk

β-glucose

fructose

O

maltose starch glycogen cellulose chitin = = = = polymer of glucose polymer of α-glucose polymer of β-glucose polymer of glucosamine (glucose with an amino acid attached) chloroplast stroma muscle cells plant cell wall exoskelteton of arthropods
O O

O O

cellulose

Monosaccharides and Disaccharides
Monosaccharides and disaccharides are sugars. They all have the basic formula (CH2O)n and can be classified according to how many carbon atoms they contain. 3C = triose sugars e.g. glyceraldehyde C3H5O2 5C = pentose sugars e.g. ribose C5H10O5 6C = hexose sugars e.g. glucose C6H12O6

Formation of disaccharides - typical exam questions
Common exam questions include: 1. Name the reaction involved when a disaccharide is formed 2. Name the type of bond formed 3. Show, by drawing a diagram, how a disaccharide is formed Questions 1 and 2 are very simple - Disaccharides form in a condensation reaction which forms a glycosidic bond. The only way to get Question 3 correct is to practice! Fig 1 shows how maltose and sucrose are formed from their monosaccharides.

Fig 1. Formation of maltose and sucrose from their

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