CBE Paper (Martin)
CBE Paper (Martin)
Hypothermia, the Diving Reflex, and Survival
Briana Martin
Biology 281
Professor McMillan
April 17, XXXX
Source: Diana Hacker (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2002).
Adapted from Victoria E. McMillan (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2001).
Full title, writer’s name, name of course, instructor’s name, and date
(all centered).
Hypothermia and Diving Reflex 2
Headings, centered, help readers follow the organization.
ABSTRACT
The page header contains an abbreviated form of the title followed by the page number.
This paper reviews the contributions of hypothermia and the mammalian diving reflex (MDR) to human survival of cold-water
The abstract indicates the writer’s purpose and scope and summarizes the research cited.
immersion incidents. It also examines the relationship between the victim’s age and MDR, and considers the protective role played by hypothermia. Hypothermia is the result of a reduced metabolic rate and lowered oxygen consumption by body tissues. Although hypothermia may produce fatal cardiac arrhythmias such as ventricular fibrillation, it is also associated with bradycardia and peripheral vasoconstriction, both of which enhance oxygen supply to the heart and brain. The MDR also causes bradycardia and reduced peripheral blood flow as well as laryngospasm, which protects victims against rapid inhalation of water. Studies of drowning and near drowning of children and adults suggest that victim survival depends on the presence of both hypothermia and the MDR, as neither alone can provide adequate cerebral protection during long periods of hypoxia. Future research is suggested to improve patient care.
INTRODUCTION
Drowning and near-drowning incidents are leading causes of mortality and morbidity in both children1 and adults2. Over the past 30 years, there has been considerable interest in cold-water
Statistics are cited with endnotes.
immersion incidents, particularly
Hypothermia, the Diving Reflex, and Survival
Briana Martin
Biology 281
Professor McMillan
April 17, XXXX
Source: Diana Hacker (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2002).
Adapted from Victoria E. McMillan (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2001).
Full title, writer’s name, name of course, instructor’s name, and date
(all centered).
Hypothermia and Diving Reflex 2
Headings, centered, help readers follow the organization.
ABSTRACT
The page header contains an abbreviated form of the title followed by the page number.
This paper reviews the contributions of hypothermia and the mammalian diving reflex (MDR) to human survival of cold-water
The abstract indicates the writer’s purpose and scope and summarizes the research cited.
immersion incidents. It also examines the relationship between the victim’s age and MDR, and considers the protective role played by hypothermia. Hypothermia is the result of a reduced metabolic rate and lowered oxygen consumption by body tissues. Although hypothermia may produce fatal cardiac arrhythmias such as ventricular fibrillation, it is also associated with bradycardia and peripheral vasoconstriction, both of which enhance oxygen supply to the heart and brain. The MDR also causes bradycardia and reduced peripheral blood flow as well as laryngospasm, which protects victims against rapid inhalation of water. Studies of drowning and near drowning of children and adults suggest that victim survival depends on the presence of both hypothermia and the MDR, as neither alone can provide adequate cerebral protection during long periods of hypoxia. Future research is suggested to improve patient care.
INTRODUCTION
Drowning and near-drowning incidents are leading causes of mortality and morbidity in both children1 and adults2. Over the past 30 years, there has been considerable interest in cold-water
Statistics are cited with endnotes.
immersion incidents, particularly
References: children. Curr Opin Pediatr [serial on the Internet]. 2000 Sep On a new page, the [serial on the Internet]. 2000 Jul [cited 2001 Sep 7]; 2:583-7 Source: Diana Hacker (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2002). Adapted from Victoria E. McMillan (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2001).