Citation and Referencing
Referencing and Citation
Referencing is an important part of academic work. There are many reasons why students should acknowledge the work of other researchers/writers.
Task 1 Brainstorm these reasons with a partner.
Task 2 Decide if you need to give a reference in the following cases (1-8).
1) Data you found from your own primary research 2) An idea of your own 3) Some data that you used in your own previously conducted research 4) A proposition put forward by a researcher in a seminar 5) A quote from an external source/another author 6) A graph from an internet article 7) A quotation from a book 8) Something agreed to be common knowledge
Harvard Referencing System: Citation Techniques
It is vital that students use a method of citation approved by their university and that they follow the specific referencing requirements employed by their department. There are several systems of referencing in the academic world, but most business schools use the Harvard system. With any system, the most important point is to be consistent.
Materials from external sources are cited using one of the following techniques:
a) Short in-text quotation (within a paragraph) b) Long, indented quotation (placed between paragraphs) c) Summary/paraphrased version of writers’ ideas (indirect quotations)
Using quotations
NOTES
1. Quotations are effective in some situations, but must not be overused. They are valuable when
• the original words express an idea in a distinctive way. • the original is more concise than your summary could be. • the original is well known (as in the quote below from Friedman).
As Friedman stated, ‘Inflation is one form of taxation that can be imposed without legislation’ (1974: 93).
2. Students should avoid excessive use of direct quotations in their work, as frequent and unnecessary usage reduces the impact of the citations and weakens the tone of the paper. The
Referencing is an important part of academic work. There are many reasons why students should acknowledge the work of other researchers/writers.
Task 1 Brainstorm these reasons with a partner.
Task 2 Decide if you need to give a reference in the following cases (1-8).
1) Data you found from your own primary research 2) An idea of your own 3) Some data that you used in your own previously conducted research 4) A proposition put forward by a researcher in a seminar 5) A quote from an external source/another author 6) A graph from an internet article 7) A quotation from a book 8) Something agreed to be common knowledge
Harvard Referencing System: Citation Techniques
It is vital that students use a method of citation approved by their university and that they follow the specific referencing requirements employed by their department. There are several systems of referencing in the academic world, but most business schools use the Harvard system. With any system, the most important point is to be consistent.
Materials from external sources are cited using one of the following techniques:
a) Short in-text quotation (within a paragraph) b) Long, indented quotation (placed between paragraphs) c) Summary/paraphrased version of writers’ ideas (indirect quotations)
Using quotations
NOTES
1. Quotations are effective in some situations, but must not be overused. They are valuable when
• the original words express an idea in a distinctive way. • the original is more concise than your summary could be. • the original is well known (as in the quote below from Friedman).
As Friedman stated, ‘Inflation is one form of taxation that can be imposed without legislation’ (1974: 93).
2. Students should avoid excessive use of direct quotations in their work, as frequent and unnecessary usage reduces the impact of the citations and weakens the tone of the paper. The
References: Butt, S. (2012) Citation and Referencing Guide. Birmingham: Creative Media. Gillett, A., 1999. Using English for Academic Purposes. A Guide for Students in Higher Education. [e-book] http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/harvard.htm http://owl.english.purdue.edu http://www.uefap.com Oshima, A. and Hogue, A. (2009) Writing Academic English (Third Edition). London: Longman. Business Communication Course Tutor: Emilia Plăcintar emilia.placintar@lingua.ubbcluj.ro