Chapter 3 begins with a brief examination of the history of classical conditioning. The research of Pavlov, Twitmyer, Vul’fson and Snarskii is presented. The historical accounts are used as a basis for defining the classical conditioning paradigm. Several experimental situations, including fear conditioning, eyeblink conditioning, sign tracking, and taste-aversion learning, are described in detail. The specifics of excitatory and inhibitory conditioning are then presented. These specifics include definitions, conditioning and control procedures, and measurement of the conditioned responses. The chapter concludes with an examination of the prevalence of classical conditioning. Classical conditioning mechanisms involved in responses during causal judgment, food preference learning, nursing, and sexual behavior are presented.…
In a third article by Burdick and James (1970) also investigated classical conditioning in rats. The purpose of the experiment was to condition rats to suppress certain hunger behaviors such as water licking. Burdick and James paired the neutral stimulus of white light with shock in a “test chamber” to see if rats would develop an association between the two stimuli. Naturally, shock induces a fear-like freezing behavior, and after being conditioned the rats displayed the same behavior but only to the white light. Furthermore, they would then place the rats back in their “home” chamber after 1-72 hours and present the white light to see if the rats would spontaneously recover the conditioned response and suppress their water licking behavior…
Classical conditioning: Showing a child a scary television show, making them afraid and starts to cry. After a while the child will began to cry before you turn on the tv, just the sight of the television will scare the child.…
o conditioned stimulus (CS)? The bell (an association of an unconditioned stimulus comes to trigger a response).…
The learning theory of attachment focuses of two concepts; operant and classical conditioning. Classical conditioning as an explanation for attachment describes the baby receiving food (and unconditioned stimulus) and producing an unconditioned response (happiness) and the mother feeding the baby will be the neutral stimulus. The baby will then experience the mother giving them food (and therefore happiness) a number of times and then learn to associate the mother (now a conditioned stimulus) with the feeling of happiness (a conditioned response) and thus an attachment will form. Operant conditioning describes attachment as a reinforced response. When a baby gets food it 's discomfort will become happiness and the baby will associate this feeling with food and therefore food will become the primary reinforcer. The person feeding the baby will also be associated with the happiness and therefore become the secondary reinforcer and an attachment will form.…
Traditional learning viewpoints considered classical and operant conditioning to be automatic processes involving only environmental events that did not depend at all on biological or cognitive factors. Research on which of the following concepts cast doubt on this point of view?…
Classical conditioning - Before attachment is learned, the infant gains pleasure through being fed. Food is the unconditioned stimulus and pleasure is the unconditioned response. When the infant is being fed, the infant associates the person providing the food with the food. The primary caregiver is the neutral stimulus, which becomes associated with food (the unconditioned stimulus). When the attachment has been learned, the infant gains pleasure when the primary caregiver is present. The primary caregiver is now the conditioned stimulus and pleasure is now the conditioned response.…
There are two main different between classical conditioning and operant conditioning. The first one is (classical conditioning) forms associations between stimuli (Cs and US). (Operant conditioning) forms an association between behaviors and the resulting events. The second one is (classical conditioning) involves respondent behavior that occurs as an automatic response to a certain stimulus.( Operant conditioning) involves operant behavior, a behavior that operates on the environment, producing rewarding or punishing…
Classical conditioning is defined as ‘’ a learning process by which a subject comes to respond in a specific way to a previously neutral stimulus after the subject repeatedly encounters the neutral that already elicits the response’’ (Freedictonary.com, 2013). Classical conditioning involves forming a link between two stimuli having a learned response as a result. There are three stages in which this happens Stage one: Before conditioning, Stage two: During conditioning and Stage three: After conditioning. Stage one includes a repetitive stimulus, which will automatically get a response. This is called a naturally occurring stimulus (NS) For example, salivating to the smell of food is a naturally occurring stimulus. Stage two the process of…
Classical conditioning is a type of learning in which a potent stimulus obtains the ability to evoke an innate response that was originally elicited by a neutral stimulus. In classical conditioning, a UR is an event that occurs naturally in response to some stimuli. On the other hand, a UR is the stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response without learning. A CS in classical conditioning is an originally neutral stimulus that, through learning, comes to be associated with some unlearned responses. Finally, a CR is the learned response to the originally neutral but now conditioned stimulus (CITE BOOK). These are the basic components involved in classical conditioning. Classical conditioning theory was first discovered and described…
It is a nice spring day. A father takes his baby out for a walk. The baby reaches over to touch a pink flower and is badly stung by the bumblebee sitting on the petals. The next day, the baby 's mother brings home some pink flowers. She removes a flower from the arrangement and takes it over for her baby to smell. The baby cries loudly as soon as she sees the pink flower. The baby 's panic at the sight of the pink flower illustrates the learning process of classical conditioning. "Classical conditioning is when a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response (Santrock, p.147)."…
Classical conditioning is a method of conditioning in which associations are made between a natural stimulus and a learned, neutral stimulus. I consider classical conditioning to be very important because it’s such an efficient way of teaching, training or conditioning people or animals, especially children. Classical conditioning could be used for psychological distress like phobias. For example, Mary cover jones put a child with a fear of rabbits in a room with the rabbit far way. Then she gave him his favorite food and put the rabbit closer. Associating the pleasure of food with the feared object made him no longer scared of rabbits. This applies to my life because my mom used this method when she raised me. I was scared of riding my bike because I fell off it once. So every time I attempted pedaling she would give me a dollar. Finally she put 5 dollars all way down the street and told me to bike there and get it; making me lose my phobia of bikes.…
The idea of classical condition is one of the most notable learning techniques because it involves a stimulus rewarded for a certain response. Naturally, animals and human have unconditioned stimulus that triggers an unconditioned response. The most common connection is the correlation between food and salivation. Food naturally draws organism to it in order to satisfy a drive created by hunger to acquire homeostasis. A response is created because of the organism’s reaction to food, which is usually salivation. Classical conditioning is considered an effective way to train an organism to learn habits not naturally associated with certain unconditioned stimulus. This creates a conditioned stimulus. The once unconditioned response is now conditioned to respond to the conditioned stimulus, which is called a conditioned stimulus. An example of conditioned stimulus and response is the example of associating the school bell with food. Children are hungry by nature, but when the school bell is added, the children are reinforced to associate the school bell with lunchtime. Classical…
Our understanding of classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning has allowed us to unlock many of the answers we sought to learn about human behavior. Classical conditioning is a technique of behavioral training, coined by Ivan Pavlov, which basically states that an organism learns through establishing associations between different events and stimuli. This helps us understand human behavior in an assortment of ways. It makes it clear that almost everything we do is based on patterns of stimulus and response. For example, if you were bitten aggressively by a dog as a child, you may be still scared of dogs today. That is because the dog caused you pain, which in turn caused you have anxiety towards dogs. Because you associated the dog with pain, and the pain caused you to have anxiety, therefore you brain associated seeing a dog with feelings of anxiety. Same thing applies to getting a text message. Let’s say you’re sitting around doing nothing an all of the sudden your phone vibrates. You’ll probably go and check to see what message you got. This relates to a classical conditioning experiment because you have associated your phone vibrating with getting a message.…
Though it may be difficult to believe, I had never tasted a sip of alcohol until my freshman year of college. A combination of dedication to my sport, track and field, fear of my father¡¦s reprisal, and dreams of getting a scholarship kept me from indulging in the normal temptations that teenagers succumb to during my high school years. But being on my own in college and having secured a scholarship, allowed me to give way to temptation and indulge myself in the standard college drinking atmosphere. Still, my dedication to running kept me worried about my weight because I knew that alcohol had a lot of calories and I did not want to fall victim to the dreaded ¡§Freshman…