Coke Vs Cok Research Paper
1. The graph shows the blood glucose concentrations (in mMol) at fixed times over 2 hours (0, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120 minutes) after the intake of drink (diet coke and coke).
2. At time-point 0, there was no differences between the groups (p=0.743, t-test, n=6). The difference in the mean values of the two groups is not great enough to reject the possibility that the difference is due to random sampling variability. There is no statistically significant difference between the blood concentrations after drinking coke and diet coke.
At time-point 15, there was a significant difference between the groups (p=0.000203, t-test, n=6). The difference in the mean values of the two groups is greater than would be expected by chance; there is a statistically …show more content…
significant difference between the blood concentrations after drinking coke and diet coke (P=<0.001).
At time-point 30, there was a significant difference between the groups (p=0.000221, t-test, n=6). The difference in the mean values of the two groups is greater than would be expected by chance; there is a statistically significant difference between the blood concentrations after drinking coke and diet coke (P=<0.001).
At time-point 60, there was a significant difference between the groups (p=0.000307, t-test, n=6). The difference in the mean values of the two groups is greater than would be expected by chance; there is a statistically significant difference between the blood concentrations after drinking coke and diet coke (P=<0.001).
At time-point 90, there was no differences between the groups (p=0.202, t-test, n=6). The difference in the mean values of the two groups is not great enough to reject the possibility that the difference is due to random sampling variability. There is no statistically significant difference the blood concentrations after drinking coke and diet coke.
At time-point 120, there was no differences between the groups (p=0.787, t-test, n=6). The difference in the mean values of the two groups is not great enough to reject the possibility that the difference is due to random sampling variability. There is no statistically significant difference between the blood concentrations after drinking coke and diet coke.
3.
a) Coke contains sugar and diet coke contains no sugar.
The experiment was to examine the blood glucose concentrations over a period of time after the intake of carbohydrate (coke) compared with a controlled test (intake of diet coke that has no sugar content).
b) Coke contains sugar, a type of carbohydrate, which will be absorbed by the liver from the gastrointestinal tract after being digested into monosaccharides, mainly in the form of glucose, into the bloodstream. The body will maintain the blood glucose level between 80 to 100 mg/dL and some glucose will be stored as glycogen in the liver. When blood is taken from the bloodstream, the glucose concentration will increase after drinking coke as insulin is actively being produced and released from the pancreas to convert glucose into glycogen lowering the blood glucose level.
c) This is due to homeostasis regulating the body system back to normal. When the blood glucose concentration is high, the hypothalamus of the brain will detect this and transmit signal to the β-cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas to release insulin into the bloodstream. With the release of insulin, there will be an increase in glucose uptake by increasing transporters in muscle and adipose tissue and by increasing glucokinase activity in the liver. Insulin will also activate glycogen synthetase to promote glycogen production in the liver and muscle. Glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis will be inhibited as well. All these will cause the decrease in blood glucose level to
normal.
d) At time-point 0, there should be no statistically significant difference as the subjects have not taken in diet coke or coke. At time-point 15 and 30, there is an increase in the statistically significant difference due to the absorption of glucose across the gastrointestinal tract into the bloodstream before insulin could be produced and released at a higher amount. At this time, most of the insulin released are the ones that are stored in the liver which will be readily released when the blood glucose level has increased.
At time-point 60 and 90, there is a decrease in the significant difference to no significant difference at all due to the rapid production and release of insulin at a higher amount into the bloodstream. More insulin hormones will be available to enhance the uptake of glucose to lower the blood glucose level.
At time-point 120, there should be no statistically significant difference as the blood glucose level must have gone back to normal and there will be insulin-release inhibition preventing further convertion of glucose into glycogen or any other factors that causes the blood glucose level to drop.
e) People with diabetes are either due to deficiency of insulin because of the destruction of β-cells of the islets of Langerhans (Type 1) or due to insulin resistance – failure of insulin receptors to give response to insulin (Type 2). Diabetics would not have the risk of getting hyperglycaemic (high blood glucose concentration) after drinking diet coke as it is sugar-free and hence, their blood glucose level would have stayed the same. While drinking coke, on the other hand, would have as his blood glucose would have stayed at high level as their mechanism to regulate their blood glucose level is absent.
f) People with BMI of over 30 are obese and are often associated with type II diabetes mellitus. Obesity is often associated with increased vascular complications such as cardiovascular diseases, cancers, osteoarthritis and many others. This is due to the intake of excess carbohydrates, proteins and fat will form abdominal fat that stimulates the release of ‘pro-inflammatory’ chemicals and fat molecules into the bloodstream affecting the insulin receptors and reducing the insulin sensitivity. This will lead to insulin resistance and glucose level will stay high.
Stress can trigger high blood glucose level as a result of the release of hormones produced to combat stress. Adrenal glands stimulate the release of adrenaline and noradrenaline. While noradrenaline can prevent blood pressure from falling, adrenaline can regulate blood glucose level as it is responsible for converting glycogen to glucose when glucose levels drop. The body usually raises blood glucose during stressful situation in preparation for physical and mental activity in need of glucose. Cortisol is also released and can cause insulin resistance, contributing to the yet high level of glucose in the blood.
2. At time-point 0, there was no differences between the groups (p=0.743, t-test, n=6). The difference in the mean values of the two groups is not great enough to reject the possibility that the difference is due to random sampling variability. There is no statistically significant difference between the blood concentrations after drinking coke and diet coke.
At time-point 15, there was a significant difference between the groups (p=0.000203, t-test, n=6). The difference in the mean values of the two groups is greater than would be expected by chance; there is a statistically …show more content…
significant difference between the blood concentrations after drinking coke and diet coke (P=<0.001).
At time-point 30, there was a significant difference between the groups (p=0.000221, t-test, n=6). The difference in the mean values of the two groups is greater than would be expected by chance; there is a statistically significant difference between the blood concentrations after drinking coke and diet coke (P=<0.001).
At time-point 60, there was a significant difference between the groups (p=0.000307, t-test, n=6). The difference in the mean values of the two groups is greater than would be expected by chance; there is a statistically significant difference between the blood concentrations after drinking coke and diet coke (P=<0.001).
At time-point 90, there was no differences between the groups (p=0.202, t-test, n=6). The difference in the mean values of the two groups is not great enough to reject the possibility that the difference is due to random sampling variability. There is no statistically significant difference the blood concentrations after drinking coke and diet coke.
At time-point 120, there was no differences between the groups (p=0.787, t-test, n=6). The difference in the mean values of the two groups is not great enough to reject the possibility that the difference is due to random sampling variability. There is no statistically significant difference between the blood concentrations after drinking coke and diet coke.
3.
a) Coke contains sugar and diet coke contains no sugar.
The experiment was to examine the blood glucose concentrations over a period of time after the intake of carbohydrate (coke) compared with a controlled test (intake of diet coke that has no sugar content).
b) Coke contains sugar, a type of carbohydrate, which will be absorbed by the liver from the gastrointestinal tract after being digested into monosaccharides, mainly in the form of glucose, into the bloodstream. The body will maintain the blood glucose level between 80 to 100 mg/dL and some glucose will be stored as glycogen in the liver. When blood is taken from the bloodstream, the glucose concentration will increase after drinking coke as insulin is actively being produced and released from the pancreas to convert glucose into glycogen lowering the blood glucose level.
c) This is due to homeostasis regulating the body system back to normal. When the blood glucose concentration is high, the hypothalamus of the brain will detect this and transmit signal to the β-cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas to release insulin into the bloodstream. With the release of insulin, there will be an increase in glucose uptake by increasing transporters in muscle and adipose tissue and by increasing glucokinase activity in the liver. Insulin will also activate glycogen synthetase to promote glycogen production in the liver and muscle. Glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis will be inhibited as well. All these will cause the decrease in blood glucose level to
normal.
d) At time-point 0, there should be no statistically significant difference as the subjects have not taken in diet coke or coke. At time-point 15 and 30, there is an increase in the statistically significant difference due to the absorption of glucose across the gastrointestinal tract into the bloodstream before insulin could be produced and released at a higher amount. At this time, most of the insulin released are the ones that are stored in the liver which will be readily released when the blood glucose level has increased.
At time-point 60 and 90, there is a decrease in the significant difference to no significant difference at all due to the rapid production and release of insulin at a higher amount into the bloodstream. More insulin hormones will be available to enhance the uptake of glucose to lower the blood glucose level.
At time-point 120, there should be no statistically significant difference as the blood glucose level must have gone back to normal and there will be insulin-release inhibition preventing further convertion of glucose into glycogen or any other factors that causes the blood glucose level to drop.
e) People with diabetes are either due to deficiency of insulin because of the destruction of β-cells of the islets of Langerhans (Type 1) or due to insulin resistance – failure of insulin receptors to give response to insulin (Type 2). Diabetics would not have the risk of getting hyperglycaemic (high blood glucose concentration) after drinking diet coke as it is sugar-free and hence, their blood glucose level would have stayed the same. While drinking coke, on the other hand, would have as his blood glucose would have stayed at high level as their mechanism to regulate their blood glucose level is absent.
f) People with BMI of over 30 are obese and are often associated with type II diabetes mellitus. Obesity is often associated with increased vascular complications such as cardiovascular diseases, cancers, osteoarthritis and many others. This is due to the intake of excess carbohydrates, proteins and fat will form abdominal fat that stimulates the release of ‘pro-inflammatory’ chemicals and fat molecules into the bloodstream affecting the insulin receptors and reducing the insulin sensitivity. This will lead to insulin resistance and glucose level will stay high.
Stress can trigger high blood glucose level as a result of the release of hormones produced to combat stress. Adrenal glands stimulate the release of adrenaline and noradrenaline. While noradrenaline can prevent blood pressure from falling, adrenaline can regulate blood glucose level as it is responsible for converting glycogen to glucose when glucose levels drop. The body usually raises blood glucose during stressful situation in preparation for physical and mental activity in need of glucose. Cortisol is also released and can cause insulin resistance, contributing to the yet high level of glucose in the blood.