Colors have been known to be aesthetically pleasing due to their abilities to express emotion, symbolize specific things, or determine characteristics about an individual. It is commonly known to the general public that colors are gender specific; most girls prefer pink and purple, boys prefer blue and red, and a small population is attracted to neutral colors. This preference for certain colors has a heavy influence on the design and creation of play zones for children.…
Grobis, M. M., Pearish, S. P., & Bell, A. M. (2013). Avoidance or escape? Discriminating between two hypotheses for the function of schooling in threespine sticklebacks. Animal Behavior, 85(1), 187-194.…
Introduction: The broader context of this lab was aimed at observing animals and documenting specific animal behavior patterns. Specifically, we were trying to determine if squirrels applied snakeskin randomly to certain areas of their body or if there was a specific technique to it in relation to escaping their predators. After an animal has determined that a predator is nearby, it must then take action to avoid encountering this threat. Encounters are most easily avoided by preventing predators from detecting prey in the first instance (Rosier & Langklide, 2011), for squirrels this type of behavior is known as SSA, “snake scent application”. In this lab we wanted to study two different species of squirrels, S. beecheyi and S. variegatus, in order to evaluate if SSA can be deemed as a species specific type of behavior. My hypothesis was that squirrels applied the snake skin scent to specific parts of their body in an organized manner. The null hypothesis is that squirrels apply the snake skin scent randomly to parts of their body. My prediction of my hypothesis was that squirrels apply the snake skin scent to body parts that they find prove to be advantageous when trying to escape their predators.…
Animals are constantly display agonistic behavior to speed along the process of natural selection. To truly understand the mechanics of agonistic behavior, the causes and various stimuli that encourage agonistic behavior must be studied. This research investigated three Betta splendens and their response to various stimuli in order to depict whether or not they reacted most strongly against each other. It was found that to a minimal degree, Betta splendens exhibited more aggressive behavior to other Betta splendens as opposed to when faced with a mirror. This insinuates that natural selection is occurring amongst Betta splendens at an effective rate. Further studies in this area may determine stimuli that move other species to behave aggressively and thus find cure for psychological disease that involve excessive aggression.…
Vision Is vision emphasized or reduced? Touch—nails vs claws 4. Behavioral/life history Extended lifespan Fewer offspring Long period of infant dependency—altricial (vs precoical ex. Puppies)…
Studies revealed that, in regards to the specific attachment approach, female animals have upregulated OT receptors in the uterus and brain that are important in coordinating maternal behavior. This type of behavior includes licking the pups, providing a nest for the pups, retrieving the pups to the nest, giving access to the nipples and providing body heat. OT has been implicated in the onset of maternal behavior and not specifically the maintenance. The article also demonstrated maternal aggression and how it is directed towards the pups but also how it enhances attacks on predators or intruders. This aggression is associated with lower levels of fear. In both rodents and humans, administering OT results in lower levels of fearful behavior. Researchers suggest that, unlike in female rodents, OT does not contribute to human maternal behaviors. However, OT is increased in the cerebrospinal fluid during childbirth in humans and postpartum plasma levels are related with positive feelings and decreased anxiety levels. Mixed results have been drawn about maternal aggression in human and other species but as to whether or not these behaviors are associated with OT are not clear. In the article, how the presence of OT affects mating and partner preferences. In animals, specifically the prairie vole and the montane vole, the OT recptors are found in…
What is your favorite color and why? Do you think that simple tasks might be biased by your preferences? Find out in this science project if your color preferences will bias your fine motor skills when doing quick, repetitive tasks.…
The social learning theory is supported by Bandura et al., who found that children who observed a model behaviour behaving aggressively towards a Bobo doll were more likely to reproduce the same behaviours when they were later allowed to interact with the doll; the children even improvised their own aggressive actions towards the doll. This was particularly the case when they saw the adult rewarded for their aggressive behaviour, therefore supporting the claim that the expectation of the reward influences the likelihood of a behaviour being performed. Due to these findings Bandura et al., created another experiment, where they divided children into three groups. All three watched a film of an adult model behaving aggressively towards a Bobo doll. Group 1 saw an aggressive model who was neither rewarded nor punished for their aggressive behaviour. Group 2 saw an aggressive model who was rewarded for their aggressive behaviour. Finally, group 3 saw an aggressive model who was punished by another model for their aggressive behaviour. The…
Various interactions occur between organisms. Predation is a crucial interaction in which one species benefits by consuming another. I conducted this experiment to determine if crypsis affected the predation rate of eggs in ground-nesting birds. I hypothesized that cryptic eggs would reduce predation rate, therefore less cryptic eggs should be found. I created a simulation in which eight students randomly “laid” 96 eggs in a predetermined area, and seven predators hunted eight eggs each. The predators did not see the eggs being laid, and were given an egg quota so that all the eggs were not found. Also, they were directed to pick up the first eight eggs they noticed and not look for a particular kind. Half the eggs were white marshmallows representing the non-cryptic eggs, and the other 48 were the cryptic, cocoa covered marshmallows. The resulting values of eggs found were 37 non-cryptic and 18 non-cryptic. However, the expected amount for each type of egg was the total number of eggs to be found divided by two, or 27.5 eggs. I used a Chi-Square test to analyze my results further and found the observed chi-square value, which was 7.453. The p-value was between 0.01 and 0.005. The p-value supported my hypothesis, and with an alpha level of 0.05, I concluded that there was a significant difference between the number of cryptic and non-cryptic eggs found. Then I deduced that this difference was probably because the cryptic eggs were less noticeable to the predators, decreasing the predation rate of them. My results concurred with past experiments and promoted the notion that cryptic eggs may reduce predation rate among ground-nesting birds.…
Colors have been bringing emotions out of humans since before we can remember. In an article on color psychology, the author states, “the impact that colors have on our brains is used to manipulate our decision making by multiple facets of society.” It’s always been a question if it really does make humans feel a certain way or if it just seems that way because that’s how we’ve been taught. Colors have been proven to evoke emotions because many studies have been made to show that it does, scientists have given reasons as to why colors can make humans feel a certain emotion, and the emotions they make humans feel have been used to others’ advantages.…
Learning researchers note that results with humans usually parallel (i.e., show the same effects as) those with non-human animals.-- True…
Behaviorism had many shortfalls with its primary one being that it excluded the effect of genetics entirely. It only accounted for what had been learned through reward and punishment only. Questions were raised and answers were missing when examining the question through the lens of behaviorism only. One area where ethologists observed discrepancies were in fixed-action patterns and critical periods in animals. Fixed-action patterns were behaviors that received little to no reward or punishment in which the animals engaged in and critical period referred to a specific period of time in which if a…
3.1 How do sensations travel through the central nervous system, and why are some sensations ignored?…
Colors are an intimate facet of our everyday lives and exist in everything that we see. Colors and emotions have a strong relationship between them. It is widely recognized that colors have also a strong impact on our emotions and feelings (Hemphill, 1996; Lang, 1993; Mahnke, 1996). The color red has been associated with excitement, strength, sex, passion, speed, and danger. White has been associated with pure, virginal, clean, youthful, and mild. Blue that is most popular color has been associated with trust, reliability, belonging, and coolness. Black is allied with sophistication, elegant, seductive, mystery, and sexual. And Pink is allied with soft, sweet, nurture, and security. Colors are linked with many different emotions. All colors have positive and negative impression connected with it. It has been tested and proven that colors have different alpha rate associated with it. The purpose of the study was to see if the brain responses differently while looking at different colors and to see if there were any connections between color and emotions.…
The effect artificial colors have on people is that many believe that the artificial dye causes many symptoms, but mainly in children like, allergies, asthma, behavioral changes, hyperactivity, gastric upset, etc. There has been many studies on whether artificial colors cause behavioral issues in children and it has been proven 2007 United Kingdom a study linked hyperactivity in children due to artificial food colors. There has been scientific studies that many have reported personal stories that artificial dye utilization results in behavioral issues like hyperactivity, lack of attention, poorly performance in school, etc. It’s also been proven that artificial colors have caused hyperactivity disorders which did not start until the 1960s and…