Derivational Morphology
DERIVATIONAL MORPHOLOGY:
❖ Bound Morphemes like-ify and –cation are called derivational morphemes. When they are added to base, anew word with a new meaning is derived ❖ Example : The addition of –ify to pure= Purify means “to make pure” The addition of –cation to purify= Purification means “the process of making pure”. ❖ This means that we must have a list of the derivational morphemes in our mental dictionaries as well as the rules that determine how they are added to a root or stem. ❖ The form that results from the addition of derivational morpheme is called a derived word. ❖ Derivational Morphemes have clear semantic content. ❖ In this sense they are like content words, except that they are not words. ❖ As we have seen, when a derivational morpheme added to a base, it adds meaning. ❖ The derived word may also be of a different grammatical class than the original word, as shown by suffixes such as –able and-ly ❖ Example : When a verb is suffixed with –able the result is an adjective, as in desire +able = desirable When the suffix –en is added to an adjective, a verb is derived, as in dark +en = Darken When =ie is added to an adjective, a noun is formed, as in sweet +ie = sweetie Other examples:
Noun to adjective Verb to Noun Adjective to adverb boy+-ish= Boyish clear+-ance = clearance exact+-ly = exactly virtue+ -ous= virtuous sing+-er=singer clear+-ly =clearly
Noun to Verb Adjective to Noun Verb to Adjective moral+-ize= Moralize tall+-ness= tallness read+-able=readable hast+-en=hasten free+-dom=freedom create+-ive= creative
❖ Some derivational suffixes do not cause a change in grammatical class. Prefixes never do. Examples: Noun to Noun Verb to Verb Adjective to Adjective friend +-ship = friendship un- + do= undo pink+-ish= pinkish
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❖ Bound Morphemes like-ify and –cation are called derivational morphemes. When they are added to base, anew word with a new meaning is derived ❖ Example : The addition of –ify to pure= Purify means “to make pure” The addition of –cation to purify= Purification means “the process of making pure”. ❖ This means that we must have a list of the derivational morphemes in our mental dictionaries as well as the rules that determine how they are added to a root or stem. ❖ The form that results from the addition of derivational morpheme is called a derived word. ❖ Derivational Morphemes have clear semantic content. ❖ In this sense they are like content words, except that they are not words. ❖ As we have seen, when a derivational morpheme added to a base, it adds meaning. ❖ The derived word may also be of a different grammatical class than the original word, as shown by suffixes such as –able and-ly ❖ Example : When a verb is suffixed with –able the result is an adjective, as in desire +able = desirable When the suffix –en is added to an adjective, a verb is derived, as in dark +en = Darken When =ie is added to an adjective, a noun is formed, as in sweet +ie = sweetie Other examples:
Noun to adjective Verb to Noun Adjective to adverb boy+-ish= Boyish clear+-ance = clearance exact+-ly = exactly virtue+ -ous= virtuous sing+-er=singer clear+-ly =clearly
Noun to Verb Adjective to Noun Verb to Adjective moral+-ize= Moralize tall+-ness= tallness read+-able=readable hast+-en=hasten free+-dom=freedom create+-ive= creative
❖ Some derivational suffixes do not cause a change in grammatical class. Prefixes never do. Examples: Noun to Noun Verb to Verb Adjective to Adjective friend +-ship = friendship un- + do= undo pink+-ish= pinkish
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