As the 19th century was the Progressive era, the 20th century was inclusivism and the idea of education for all. Kindergartens were in most public school programs by 1910. State controlled free public education was the rule. School attendance was mandatory, education was universal. Public schools did not force parents to use the public schools, so parochial schools and other private schools were viable options. All racial, religious and ethnic groups should have access to the same type of education in the same type of setting. Education in the early preschool years flourished with early childhood development programs and on the other end of the spectrum higher education after high school became more attainable for many.
Junior High Schools bullet 1909 - present bullet began in California bullet Grades 7-9 to better prepare for high school
Middle Schools bullet 1950 - present bullet Grades 6-8 / designed to meet the needs of preadolescents
Education in the Southern States bullet In 1912, the Southern States made of 34% of the United States' population but received only 3% of the education funding. bullet de jure school segregation - segregation by law bullet de facto segregation - segregation defined by society
NAACP bullet Founded in 1909 bullet Brown v Board of Education - separate is not equal. bullet Supreme Court declares de jure school segregation violates the 14th Amendment bullet Bussing - In 1971, the case of Swann V. Charlotte decided that changing the lines of a school district in order to bus students to integrated school is allowed under the Constitution.
Photo Gallery - Desegregation
On May 17, 1954, Chief Justice Earl Warren announced the court’s unanimous decision: “It is doubtful that any child may reasonably be expected to succeed in life if he is denied the opportunity of an education. Such an opportunity…is a right which must be available to all on equal terms. Separate