Dhruvs Major Psych Rev
History and Approaches (2-4%)
Psychology is derived from physiology (biology) and philosophy
Early Approaches
Structuralism – used INTROSPECTION (act of looking inward to examine mental experience) to determine the underlying STRUCTURES of the mind
Functionalism – need to analyze the PURPOSE of behavior
Approaches Key Words
Evolutionary – Genes
Humanistic – free will, choice, ideal, actualization
Biological – Brain, NTs
Cognitive – Perceptions, thoughts
Behavioral – learned, reinforced
Psychoanalytic/dynamic – unconscious, childhood
Sociocultural – society
Biopsychosocial – combo of above
People:
Mary Calkins: First Fem. Pres. of APA
Charles Darwin: Natural selection & evolution
Dorothea Dix: Reformed mental institutions in U.S.
Stanley Hall: 1st pres. of APA1st journal
William James: Father of American Psychology – functionalist
Wilhem Wundt: Father of Modern Psychology – structuralist
Margaret Floy Washburn–1st fem. PhD
Research Methods
(8-10%)
Experiment : Adv: researcher controls variables to establish cause and effect Disadv: difficult to generalize
Independent Variable: manipulated by the researcher
Experimental Group: received the treatment (part of the IV)
Control Group: placebo, baseline (part of the IV)
Placebo Effect: show behaviors associated with the exp. group when having received placebo
Double-Blind: Exp. where neither the participant or the experimenter are aware of which condition people are assigned to
Dependent Variable: measured variable (is DEPENDENT on the independent variable)
Operational Definition: clear, precise, typically quantifiable definition of your variables – allows replication
Confound: error/ flaw in study
Random Assignment: assigns participants to either control or experimental group at random – minimizes bias, increase chance of equal representation
Random Sample: method for choosing participants – minimizes bias
Validity: accurate results
Reliability: same results every time
Naturalistic Observation: Adv: real world
Psychology is derived from physiology (biology) and philosophy
Early Approaches
Structuralism – used INTROSPECTION (act of looking inward to examine mental experience) to determine the underlying STRUCTURES of the mind
Functionalism – need to analyze the PURPOSE of behavior
Approaches Key Words
Evolutionary – Genes
Humanistic – free will, choice, ideal, actualization
Biological – Brain, NTs
Cognitive – Perceptions, thoughts
Behavioral – learned, reinforced
Psychoanalytic/dynamic – unconscious, childhood
Sociocultural – society
Biopsychosocial – combo of above
People:
Mary Calkins: First Fem. Pres. of APA
Charles Darwin: Natural selection & evolution
Dorothea Dix: Reformed mental institutions in U.S.
Stanley Hall: 1st pres. of APA1st journal
William James: Father of American Psychology – functionalist
Wilhem Wundt: Father of Modern Psychology – structuralist
Margaret Floy Washburn–1st fem. PhD
Research Methods
(8-10%)
Experiment : Adv: researcher controls variables to establish cause and effect Disadv: difficult to generalize
Independent Variable: manipulated by the researcher
Experimental Group: received the treatment (part of the IV)
Control Group: placebo, baseline (part of the IV)
Placebo Effect: show behaviors associated with the exp. group when having received placebo
Double-Blind: Exp. where neither the participant or the experimenter are aware of which condition people are assigned to
Dependent Variable: measured variable (is DEPENDENT on the independent variable)
Operational Definition: clear, precise, typically quantifiable definition of your variables – allows replication
Confound: error/ flaw in study
Random Assignment: assigns participants to either control or experimental group at random – minimizes bias, increase chance of equal representation
Random Sample: method for choosing participants – minimizes bias
Validity: accurate results
Reliability: same results every time
Naturalistic Observation: Adv: real world