For the purpose of this essay I will be discussing distributed leadership and its implications in the educational setting. In my experience so far I have noticed aspects of this style becoming prominent in some areas of school life and university. I will use this experience of distributed leadership to reflect upon my own leadership skills in relation to my opinions and those embedded recent literature. It is noted, however, the term distributed leadership has many forms described in literature and definitions vary (Harris 2008). More interestingly, this assignment will attempt to analyse the affect influence and power has on distributing leadership and its implications. It will also examine research (Leithwood & Jantzi, 2000; Silins & Mulford, 2002; Harris and Muijs, 2004; Spillane & Camburn, 2006; Leithwood, et al. 2007), in order to analyse the benefits and implications of this style towards the school and its community. Moreover, it will attempt to criticise contemporary literature by evaluating the negative aspects of distributed leadership.
Firstly, it could be argued that various forms of distributed leadership inevitably exist within the school context (Gronn, 2000; Timperley, 2005; Spillane, 2006). Furthermore, the creation of competition between schools, along with the pressure in meeting performance targets, has increased the workload for headteachers. Therefore, headteachers are becoming increasingly dependent on their teachers as leaders in helping to implement government changes and spread this complex workload (Gronn, 2002; Timperley, 2009; Thorpe et al., 2011; Gunter, 2012). With this in mind, perhaps it is becoming difficult to attract and maintain quality teachers within the profession. Arguably, flatter structures in leadership aim to create democratic schools and emphasise community by engaging staff in collaborative learning and problem-solving (Murphy, 2005;
References: Blase, J. R. and Blase, J. (1999) ‘Implementation of Shared Governance for Instructional Improvement: Principals’ Perspectives.’ Journal of Educational Administration, 37 (5) pp. 476–500. Butt, G. and Gunter, H. (2005) ‘Challenging Modernization: Remodeling the Education Workforce.’ Educational Research, 57 (2) pp. 131–137. Clarke, T. (2007) Beyond Workforce Reform Towards Transformation. Specialist Schools and Academies Trust. Currie, G. and Lockett, A. (2011) ‘Distributing Leadership in Health and Social Care: Concertive, Conjoint or Collective?’ International Journal of Management Reviews, 13, pp. 286-300. Davies, B. and Brighouse, T. (2010) ‘Passionate Leadership.’ British Educational Leadership, Management and Administration Society (BELMAS), 24 (1) pp. 1-3. Day, C. and Leithwood, K. (2007) Successful Principal Leadership in Times of Change: An International Perspective. Dordrecht: Springer. Day, C. (2008) Research on Passionate Leadership. Successful Leadership: An Intelligent Passion. London: SAGE. Day, C., Sammons, P., Hopkins, D., Harris, A., Leithwood, K., Gu, Q., Brown, E., Ahtaridou, E. and Kington, A. (2009) ‘The Impact of School Leadership on Pupil Outcomes: Final Report.’ UK Department for Children, Schools and Families Research. Dinham, S. (2008) How to get your School Moving and Improving: An evidence-based Approach. Melbourne: ACER Press. Festinger, L., Schachter, S., and Back, K. (1950) Social Pressures in Informal Groups. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. Fitzgerald, T. and Gunter, M. (2007) Teacher Leadership: A New Myth for our Time? Paper Presented at the AERA. Fullan, M. (2007) The New Meaning of Educational Change (4th ed.). New York: Teachers College Press. Gunter, H. and Ribbins, P. (2003) ‘Challenging the Orthodoxy in School Leadership Studies: Knowers, Knowing and Knowledge.’ School Leadership and Management, 23 (3) pp. 267–290. Gunter, H. (2012) Leadership and the Reform of Education. Bristol, England: Policy Press, University of Bristol. Gurr, D., Drysdale, L. and Mulford, B. (2005) ‘Successful Principal Leadership: Australian Case Studies.’ Journal of Educational Administration, 43 (6) pp. 539-51. Hallinger, P. and Heck R. H. (2009) ‘Assessing the Contribution of Distributed Leadership to School Improvement and Growth in Math Achievement.’ American Educational Research Journal, 46 (3) pp. 659–689. Hargreaves, A. and Fink, D. (2006) Sustainable Leadership. San Francisco: Jossey Bass. Hargreaves, A and Fink, D. (2008) ‘Distributed Leadership: Democracy or Delivery?’ Journal of Educational Administration, 46 (2) pp. 229-240. Harris, A. and Chapman, C. (2002) ‘Democratic Leadership for School Improvement. International Electronic.’ Journal for Leadership in Learning, 6 (9) pp. 13. Harris, A. and Muijs, D. (2004) Improving Schools Through Teacher Leadership. London: Oxford University Press. Harris, A., Leithwood, K., Day, C., Sammons, P. and Hopkins, D. (2007) ‘Distributed Leadership and Organizational Change: Reviewing the evidence.’ Journal of Educational Change, 8, pp. 337–347. Harris, A. (2008) ‘Distributed Leadership: According to the Evidence.’ Journal of Educational Administration, 46 (2) pp. 172-188. Harris, A. (2010) Distributed Leadership: Evidence and Implications. London: SAGE. Hatcher, R. (2005) ‘The Distribution of Leadership and Power in Schools.’ British Journal of Sociology of Education, 26 (2) pp. 253-267. [Accessed on October, 2013] http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0142569042000294200 Heinicke, C Leithwood, K. and Jantzi, D. (2000) ‘The Effects of Different Sources of Leadership on Student Engagement in School.’ In K. Riley & K. Louis (Eds.) Leadership for Change and School Reform, pp. 50–66. London: Routledge. Leithwood, K. and Jantzi, D. (2006) ‘Linking Leadership to Student Learning: The Contribution of Leader Efficacy.’ In Educational Administration Quarterly. Leithwood, K., Mascall, B., Strauss, T., Sacks, R., Memon, N. and Yashkina, A. (2007) Distributing Leadership to Make Schools Smarter. OISE: University of Toronto. Leithwood, K. and Mascall, B. (2008) ‘Collective Leadership Effects on Student Achievement.’ Educational Administration Quarterly, 44 (4) pp. 529-561. Lieberman, A. (1995) ‘Practices that Support Teacher Development: Transforming Conceptions of Professional Learning.’ Phi Delta Kapan, 36, pp. 591–596. Little, J, W. (1990) ‘The Persistence of Privacy: Autonomy and Initiative in Teachers’ Professional Relations.’ Teachers College Record, 91 (4) pp. 509–536. Lewis, P. and Murphy, R. (2008) ‘Effective School Leadership A Brief Review Summarising Selected Literature On The Evidence For Effective School Leadership.’ National College for School Leadership Louis, K. S., Febey, K., Gordon, M. and Thomas, E. (2008) ‘State Leadership for School Improvement: An Analysis of Three States.’ Educational Administration Quarterly, 44 (4) pp. 462-592. MacBeath, J. (2009) ‘Distributed Leadership: Paradigms, Policy and Paradox.’ In K. Leithwood, B. Mascall, and Strauss, T. (Eds.) Distributed Leadership According to the Evidence. New York: Routledge, pp. 60-61. Mascall, B., Leithwood, K., Strauss, T. and Sacks, R. (2009) ‘The Relationship Between Distributed Leadership and Teachers’ Academic Optimism.’ In A. Harris (Ed.) Distributed Leadership. New York: Springer, pp. 45-50. Melnick, M, J. (1982) ‘Six Obstacles to Effective Team Performance: Some Small Group Considerations.’ Journal of Sport Behavior, 5 (3) pp. 114–123. Moller, J., Eggen, A., Fuglestad, O. L., Langfeldt, G., Presthus, A, M., Skrovset, S. and Vedoy, G. (2005) ‘Successful School leadership: The Norwegian Case.’ Journal of Educational Administration, 43 (6) pp Morrisey, M. (2000) Professional Learning Communities: An ongoing Exploration. Austin: Southwest Educational Development Laboratory. Murphy, J. (2005) Connecting Teacher Leadership and School Improvement. Thousand Oaks: Corwin Press. Rhodes, M., and Brundrett, S. (2008) ‘What makes my School A Good Training Ground for Leadership Development? Classroom Teachers from 70 Contextually Different Primary and Secondary Schools in England.’ Management in Education, 22 (1) pp. 21‐27. Portin, B, S. (1998) ‘Compounding Roles: A study of Washington’s Principals.’ International Journal of Educational Research, 29 (4) pp. 381–391. Silins, H. and Mulford, W. (2002) ‘Schools as Learning Organizations: The Case for System, Teacher and Student Learning.’ Journal of Educational Administration, 40, pp. 425–446. Slater, L. (2008) ‘Pathways to Building Leadership Capacity.’ Educational Management Administration and Leadership, 36 (1) pp. 55-69. Spillane, J, P. (2006) Distributed Leadership. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Spillane, J, P. and Camburn, E. (2006) The Practice of Leading and Managing: The Distribution of Responsibility for Leadership and Management in the Schoolhouse. Paper presented at the American Educational Research Association. Storey, A. (2004) ‘The Problem of Distributed Leadership in Schools.’ School Leadership and Management, 24 (3) pp. 249–265. Thorpe, R., Gold, J. and Lawler, J. (2011) ‘Locating Distributed Leadership.’ International Journal of Management Reviews