Dna Chapter 1 Review Questions And Answers
REVIEW QUESTIONS CHAPTER 1
1. Place the following terms in size order, from largest to smallest, based on the structures or concepts they represent:
a. chromosome
b.gene pool
c. gene
d. DNA
e. genome Gene pool, genome, chromosome, gene, DNA
2. Distinguish between: a. an autosome and a sex chromosome b. genotype and phenotype c. DNA and RNA d. recessvie and dominant traits e. pedigrees and karyotypes f. gene and genome
a. An autosome does not carry genes that determine sex. A sex chromosome does. b. Genotype is the allele constitution in an individual for a particular gene. Phenotype is the physical expression of an allele combination. c. DNA is a double-stranded nucleic acid that includes …show more content…
deoxyribose and the nitrogenous bases adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine. DNA carries the genetic information. RNA is a single-stranded nucleic acid that includes ribose and the nitrogenous bases adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil. RNA carries out gene expression. d. A recessive allele determines phenotype in two copies. A dominant allele determines phenotype in one copy. e. A pedigree is a chart of family relationships and traits. A karyotype is a chart of chromosomes. f. A gene is a sequence of DNA that encodes a protein. A genome is a complete copy of the total genetic information for an individual.
3. Explain how DNA encodes information
The sequence of DNA nucleotides (A, G, C, T) in a gene comprises a genetic code that is read three nucleotides at a time to direct the building of proteins from amino acids.
4. Explain how all humans have the same genes, but vary genetically
Humans may have the same genes but differ genetically in the alleles (gene variants) that they have.
5. Explain how a genome-wide association study, gene expression profiling,and DNA sequencing of a gene or genome differ.
A genome-wide association study examines the whole genome for variations such as
SNPs that can be associated with (are found much more often among individuals with) certain conditions or traits of interest. Gene expression profiling measures patterns and levels of mRNA to reveal cellular activity. DNA sequencing analyzes the order of DNA nucleotides (A, G, C, T) in a molecule of DNA or across the entire genome.
6.Explain how all cells in a person’s body have the same genome but are of hundreds of different types that look and function differently.
Differential expression of genes creates distinctive cell types
7.Suggest a practical example of gene expression profiling
Gene expressing profiling can be used to identify a drug to which a person’s cancer cells are likely to respond.
8.Expain the protections under the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act, and the
Limitations
GINA protects people from being fired or denied health insurance based on genetic testing, for companies or organizations above a certain size. Limitations include extent and type of coverage (no life insurance) and specific sanctions for violations.
9.Explan what an application of a “diseasome” type of map (figure 1.8 might provide help)
A diseasome might show that drugs effective for one disease might be useful in treating another disease, to which it is linked by gene expression patterns.
10.Cite an example of phrase that illustrates genetic determinism
Answers vary depending on student experience. “He has the gene for sense of humor,” or “She has the gene for a great sense of style.”
11.Give an example of a genome that is in a human body, but is not human
The genome of a bacterial species that lives in the human
gut.
APPLIED QUESTIONS
1. If you were ordering a genetic test panel, which traits and healthy risks would you like to know about, and why?
Students may be concerned about specific diseases in their families, common conditions such as Alzheimer disease and cardiovascular disease, or in genetic diseases that they carry and might pass to children.
2. Two roommates go grocery shopping and purcjase several packages of cookies that supposedly each provide 100 calories. After a semester of eating the snacks, one roommat has gained 6 pounds, but the other hasn’t. Assuming that other dietary and exercise habits are similar, explain the roommates different response to the cookies.
The rate of metabolism of nutrients is multifactorial and represents the interaction of a number of genes and environmental factors such as variations in the bacterial flora of the gut.
3. A study comparing feces of vegetarians, people who eat mostly meat, and people who eat a variety of foods (omnivors) found that the microbiome of the vegetarians is much more diverse than that of the other types of diner. Explain why this might be so?
The greater range of complex carbohydrates in the vegetarian diet supports a more diverse microbiome.
4. One variant in the DNA sequence for the gene that encodes part of the oxygen carrying blood protin hemoglobin differs in people who have sickle cell disease. Newborns are tested for this mutation. Is this a signle-gene test, a genome sequencing, a genome-wide association study, or a gene expression profile? A single-gene test.
5. Consider the following twp studies: gout or cholesterol medicine lowering it. Which description is of a genome-wide association study and which a gene expression study?
The study on gout is a genome-wide association study. The investigation into muscle pain and statins is a gene expression study.
6. A 54-year old man is turned down for life insurance because testing following a heart attack revealed that he had inherited cardiac myopathy, and this had most likely caused the attack. He cites GIN, but the insrer says that the law does not apply to his case. Who is correct?
The insurer is correct, because GINA does not presently cover life insurance.
7. How does GINA benefit: a. health care consumers? b. employees? c. insurers? d. researchers?
a. health care consumers will not be denied health insurance based on the results of genetic testing.
b. employers will benefit by clarification and extension of existing employment laws. There is also the potential for lower health care costs if individuals no longer fear genetic discrimination and are screened for inherited risks. They can then modify their behavior to reduce their risk of developing symptoms.
c. insurers benefit by standardization of protocols and a potential lowering of health care costs if individuals learn their inherited risks and modify their behavior to reduce their risk of developing symptoms.
d. researchers will have a greater pool of possible participants in clinical trials if people no longer fear they will be the subject of genetic discrimination.
8. An ad for a skin cream proclaim it will “boost genes’ activity and stimulate the production of youth proteins.” Which technology described in the chapter could be used to test the as’s claim?
Gene expression profiling.
9. What are the possible benefits and risks of a government requiring that all citizens have genetic profiles or DNA test results on file?
Benefits of the government keeping records of DNA sequences are easing searches for missing persons, and identifying suspects in a crime. A risk is the danger of misidentification because people can have DNA sequences in common.
10. What body party would you like to explain metagenomically and why?
Students interested in weight would be interested in the gut microbiome. A student with acne, skin cancer, or who is prone to sunburn might be interested in the skin microbiome.
1. Place the following terms in size order, from largest to smallest, based on the structures or concepts they represent:
a. chromosome
b.gene pool
c. gene
d. DNA
e. genome Gene pool, genome, chromosome, gene, DNA
2. Distinguish between: a. an autosome and a sex chromosome b. genotype and phenotype c. DNA and RNA d. recessvie and dominant traits e. pedigrees and karyotypes f. gene and genome
a. An autosome does not carry genes that determine sex. A sex chromosome does. b. Genotype is the allele constitution in an individual for a particular gene. Phenotype is the physical expression of an allele combination. c. DNA is a double-stranded nucleic acid that includes …show more content…
deoxyribose and the nitrogenous bases adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine. DNA carries the genetic information. RNA is a single-stranded nucleic acid that includes ribose and the nitrogenous bases adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil. RNA carries out gene expression. d. A recessive allele determines phenotype in two copies. A dominant allele determines phenotype in one copy. e. A pedigree is a chart of family relationships and traits. A karyotype is a chart of chromosomes. f. A gene is a sequence of DNA that encodes a protein. A genome is a complete copy of the total genetic information for an individual.
3. Explain how DNA encodes information
The sequence of DNA nucleotides (A, G, C, T) in a gene comprises a genetic code that is read three nucleotides at a time to direct the building of proteins from amino acids.
4. Explain how all humans have the same genes, but vary genetically
Humans may have the same genes but differ genetically in the alleles (gene variants) that they have.
5. Explain how a genome-wide association study, gene expression profiling,and DNA sequencing of a gene or genome differ.
A genome-wide association study examines the whole genome for variations such as
SNPs that can be associated with (are found much more often among individuals with) certain conditions or traits of interest. Gene expression profiling measures patterns and levels of mRNA to reveal cellular activity. DNA sequencing analyzes the order of DNA nucleotides (A, G, C, T) in a molecule of DNA or across the entire genome.
6.Explain how all cells in a person’s body have the same genome but are of hundreds of different types that look and function differently.
Differential expression of genes creates distinctive cell types
7.Suggest a practical example of gene expression profiling
Gene expressing profiling can be used to identify a drug to which a person’s cancer cells are likely to respond.
8.Expain the protections under the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act, and the
Limitations
GINA protects people from being fired or denied health insurance based on genetic testing, for companies or organizations above a certain size. Limitations include extent and type of coverage (no life insurance) and specific sanctions for violations.
9.Explan what an application of a “diseasome” type of map (figure 1.8 might provide help)
A diseasome might show that drugs effective for one disease might be useful in treating another disease, to which it is linked by gene expression patterns.
10.Cite an example of phrase that illustrates genetic determinism
Answers vary depending on student experience. “He has the gene for sense of humor,” or “She has the gene for a great sense of style.”
11.Give an example of a genome that is in a human body, but is not human
The genome of a bacterial species that lives in the human
gut.
APPLIED QUESTIONS
1. If you were ordering a genetic test panel, which traits and healthy risks would you like to know about, and why?
Students may be concerned about specific diseases in their families, common conditions such as Alzheimer disease and cardiovascular disease, or in genetic diseases that they carry and might pass to children.
2. Two roommates go grocery shopping and purcjase several packages of cookies that supposedly each provide 100 calories. After a semester of eating the snacks, one roommat has gained 6 pounds, but the other hasn’t. Assuming that other dietary and exercise habits are similar, explain the roommates different response to the cookies.
The rate of metabolism of nutrients is multifactorial and represents the interaction of a number of genes and environmental factors such as variations in the bacterial flora of the gut.
3. A study comparing feces of vegetarians, people who eat mostly meat, and people who eat a variety of foods (omnivors) found that the microbiome of the vegetarians is much more diverse than that of the other types of diner. Explain why this might be so?
The greater range of complex carbohydrates in the vegetarian diet supports a more diverse microbiome.
4. One variant in the DNA sequence for the gene that encodes part of the oxygen carrying blood protin hemoglobin differs in people who have sickle cell disease. Newborns are tested for this mutation. Is this a signle-gene test, a genome sequencing, a genome-wide association study, or a gene expression profile? A single-gene test.
5. Consider the following twp studies: gout or cholesterol medicine lowering it. Which description is of a genome-wide association study and which a gene expression study?
The study on gout is a genome-wide association study. The investigation into muscle pain and statins is a gene expression study.
6. A 54-year old man is turned down for life insurance because testing following a heart attack revealed that he had inherited cardiac myopathy, and this had most likely caused the attack. He cites GIN, but the insrer says that the law does not apply to his case. Who is correct?
The insurer is correct, because GINA does not presently cover life insurance.
7. How does GINA benefit: a. health care consumers? b. employees? c. insurers? d. researchers?
a. health care consumers will not be denied health insurance based on the results of genetic testing.
b. employers will benefit by clarification and extension of existing employment laws. There is also the potential for lower health care costs if individuals no longer fear genetic discrimination and are screened for inherited risks. They can then modify their behavior to reduce their risk of developing symptoms.
c. insurers benefit by standardization of protocols and a potential lowering of health care costs if individuals learn their inherited risks and modify their behavior to reduce their risk of developing symptoms.
d. researchers will have a greater pool of possible participants in clinical trials if people no longer fear they will be the subject of genetic discrimination.
8. An ad for a skin cream proclaim it will “boost genes’ activity and stimulate the production of youth proteins.” Which technology described in the chapter could be used to test the as’s claim?
Gene expression profiling.
9. What are the possible benefits and risks of a government requiring that all citizens have genetic profiles or DNA test results on file?
Benefits of the government keeping records of DNA sequences are easing searches for missing persons, and identifying suspects in a crime. A risk is the danger of misidentification because people can have DNA sequences in common.
10. What body party would you like to explain metagenomically and why?
Students interested in weight would be interested in the gut microbiome. A student with acne, skin cancer, or who is prone to sunburn might be interested in the skin microbiome.