Nowadays it seems crucial to reframe the work of the Nonprofit Boards in order to redefines nonprofit governance. In fact it appears that today's Nonprofit Boards have multiples roles and responsibilities to face with. However it seems they have lost slowly of their efficiency during the years and “The New Work of Nonprofit Board”, article by Barbara Taylor, Richard Chait and Thomas Holland helped us to understand the reasons of this decline and in a second approach gives a lucid guide to an important renewal, and provides a road map that leads Nonprofits boards, trustees and executives to governance as leadership.…
The United States Sentencing Commission is responsible for sentencing policy in federal courts. In 1980 they reformed the federal sentencing. The intent was to provide determinate sentencing. Determinate sentencing is a fixed period of incarceration without the possibility of parole, but time served can be reduced by accumulating good time. “Coinciding with the development of determinate sentencing has been the development of sentencing guidelines to control and structure the process and make it more rational. Guidelines are usually based on the seriousness of a crime and the background of an offender: The more serious the crime and the more extensive the offender’s criminal background, the longer the prison term recommended by the guidelines.” (Segel & Senna 2006). These guidelines were designed to eliminate judicial discretion and get tough on crime.…
Keeping in mind the brief overview of each of the major rationales for sentencing will allow the following four arguments to be understood with greater clarity. To begin, the first argument to support the urgent need to restructure the criminal justice system is the effect and impact of mandatory minimum sentencing on the high rates of incarcerations. The effects of mandatory minimum sentencing are staggering, and transcend into many different areas of the criminal justice system. The principal justification for the creation of mandatory minimum sentences is that by increasing the likelihood of custody, it will be a strict deterrent for crime prevention and a response to political “tough on crime” strategies. It was also thought to minimize…
2. Without parole, then there are fewer ways in which to hold the inmates accountable for their misconduct and to make them head to discipline, so that they have to attempt at trying to have a good record before going in front of the parole board. 3.…
The following paragraphs will define and explain the differences between determinate and indeterminate sentences. This discussion may seem, at first blush, to be somewhat theoretical. However, the issue is a life-altering one for parole as an institution. In a determinate sentencing structure, there is no role for a paroling authority in making release decisions.…
Punishment may sound like painful word, but in fact it is nothing more but a consequence given to a criminal offender. The state and federal correction system have similar objectives for criminal offenders as a form of punishment. Due to request for harsher punishment, sentencing affects both the state and federal correction system. Upon pleading or finding an offender guilty, the determinate and indeterminate sentencing model is implied in which the federal and state correctional system assigns to criminals for time given in prison.…
Every situation in life is unique and has its own set of circumstances. Crime is no different, which is why it often difficult to effectively use policies like mandatory minimum sentences, because not every crime is the same. It is acceptable for their to be some disparity in sentencing for similar crimes, but there still needs to be some consistency. The initiation of mandatory minimum sentences was due in large part to the fact that judges had too much discretion and it led to many similar cases having wildly different sentences.1 There was sound reasoning for enacting mandatory minimum sentences, but they “are the product of good intentions, but good intentions do not always make good policy; good results are also necessary.”1 Mandatory…
While each character in Horace Walpole’s Castle of Otranto seem to have their own dispositions that fuel the story, these dispositions also create a pattern intrinsic to gender. The males of the story are powerful and oppressive to their female counterparts. In contrast, the women remain devoted and submissive. Although it may seem that Walpole is trying to degrade women by use of male domination, he is actually focusing on the importance of the female role in the derivation of male power.…
There are many different argument both for and against mandatory minimum drug sentencing. However there are more arguments against mandatory minimum drug sentencing then there are for the support of the mandatory sentencing. One of the biggest arguments against mandatory minimum drug sentencing is that it was originally intended to target the higher level drug dealers but the majority of the cases have only been low level drug dealers. One of the other arguments is that will cause the jail systems to become overcrowded and that if is unfair.…
Today in our country our justice system runs by two models in order to keep peace and order to the public the first model is the determinate sentencing model what the Determinate model is when the judge is about to pass a sentence on to defendant and to address the problem with crimes that has been going around since the 1980s for example the government of some states in our country passed the three strike laws where when someone commits a crime that is considered serious then they get harsher sentences and to tell people who are more likely to commit the crime to don’t do it and it is not worth it . One of the pros for the determinate sentencing model is that the defendant could be eligible for probation, parole and alternative programs…
The last stage of a criminal trial is known as sentencing. During sentencing the convening authority over the criminal court proceedings makes a determination of how the guilty party should be punished. Prior to that determination being made both the defense attorneys and prosecutors may make their arguments as to why or why not the defendant should be punished to the fullest of the law. The judge taking these arguments into consideration makes his or her decision on what type sentence to hand down. While the main goal is to punish those that are found guilty there are five sentencing rationales in use in the American criminal justice system. These rationales are retribution, deterrence, rehabilitation, restoration, and incapacitation. In the case of State v. Stu Dents, the judge will use the rationales of rehabilitation and incapacitation. The defense and prosecutors will make their arguments and propose the type of sentence Mr. Dents should receive which in turn will protect him and society.…
The Fair Sentencing Act (FSA) of 2010 (Public Law 111-220) was an act by Congress, and became law on August 3, 2010 ( ). The FSA intent is to reduce the gap between the amount of crack cocaine and powder cocaine needed to initiate federal criminal penalties from a 100:1 weight ratio to an 18:1 weight ratio. The FSA also eliminates the five-year mandatory minimum sentence for the possession of crack cocaine (Reid 2012).…
Mandatory Minimum sentencing usually is defined when a judge is determined to deliver a fixed amount of years in prison to an individual for a convicted crime. Most mandatory minimum sentences apply to drug offenses but it also applies to other crimes, like having an unlicensed gun, fraud, and many others. Mandatory Minimum legislature contributes to the truth that America has a systematic problem in the increase of mass incarceration and men of color are being deprived of their natural rights. The mandatory minimum sentence doesn’t resolve the dilemma of crime. American nonviolent drug offenses should be prosecuted, but Mandatory Minimum sentencing should be eradicated.…
Sentencing is and has long been a crucial phase within the criminal justice process. Sentencing is what occurs post-conviction following an offender’s guilty plea or a trial by jury in which the offender is found guilty. The philosophy of sentencing is that of punishment for a crime committed. This punishment can include incarceration, rehabilitation, probation, fines, and community service. In order to prevent crime from occurring or re-occurring, a deterrent such as incarceration must exist.…
Increased penalties and incarceration are the main solutions of crime prevention for advocates who believe that drugs should be prohibited. Two main reasons for this are its deterrent effects and social harm factors (Levitt, 1996, Weatherburn, 2014). Levitt (1996), at the height of rapidly increasing speeds of incarceration writes that increased prison population is a threat to deter people from engaging in criminal acts due to an increased threat of imprisonment. Also, incapacitation will be a benefit to society as criminals are unable to commit crimes while incarcerated (1996). His study argues that for each prisoner released as a result of prison overcrowding, it is associated with an increase of fifteen crimes per year (1996). Conversely,…