Effective Training

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

A Model for Research on T raining E ffectiveness

T I ER

DISCLAIMER
Mention of any company or product does not constitute endorsement by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.

This document is in the public domain and may be freely copied or reprinted.

Copies of this and other NIOSH documents are available from National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Publications Dissemination 4676 Columbia Parkway Cincinnati, OH 45226-1998 Fax number: [phone] Telephone number: 1-800-35-NIOSH (1-800-356-4674) E-mail: [e-mail] To receive other information about occupational safety and health problems, call 1-800-35-NIOSH (1-800-356-4674), or visit the NIOSH Web site at www.cdc.gov/niosh

October 1999

DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 99-142

What Makes Training Effective

T I ER

iii

CONTENTS
1. Occupational Safety and Health Training 2. What Makes Training Effective?
.................. 1 1 2 5 5 6 7 7 8 8 8 8 9 9 10 10 12 14 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Training Perspectives in the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .........................

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Approaches to Effectiveness Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The TIER Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Study Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Independent Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dependent Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Modifying Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Intervening Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Confounding Variables . . . . . . . . .

References: ASSE [1997]. Procedures for ANSI accredited standards committee on criteria for best practices in safety, health, and environmental training. Des Plaines, IL: Secretariat, American Society of Safety Engineers. Borich G [1998]. Effective teaching methods. New York: MacMillan Publishing Co. CFR. Code of Federal regulations. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, Office of the Federal Register. Cohen A, Colligan M [1998]. Assessing occupational safety and health training: a literature review. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 98-145. Crabtree BF, Miller ML [1992]. Doing qualitative research. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. DOL [1995]. Training requirements in OSHA standards and training guidelines. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Labor, Office of Cooperative Programs, Occupational Safety and Health Administration. DOL [1998]. Safety and health programs regulation. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Labor [http://www.oshaslc.gov/SLTC/safetyhealth/index.html]. Date accessed: June 1999. Dunn R, Griggs SA [1988]. Learning styles: quiet revolution in American secondary schools. Reston, VA: National Association of Secondary School Principals. Gagné RM [1985]. The conditions of learning and theory of instruction. 4th ed. New York: Holt, Rinehart, Winston. Industry report [1997]. Training Magazine 34(10):33–75. Loos G, Diether J [1999]. Accreditation of safety and health programs: strategies to meet domestic and global demand. In: Proceedings of the 1999 Professional Development Conference of the American Society of Safety Engineers. Baltimore, MD: ASSE. Loos G [1995]. Field guide for international health planners and managers. London: Janus Publications. Miles MB, Huberman AM [1984]. Qualitative data analysis: a sourcebook of new methods. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage. Mohr LB [1992]. Impact analysis for program evaluation. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. NSSB [1998]. Mission statement of the National Skills Standards Board. Washington, D.C.: National Skill Standards Board. Scriven M [1967]. The methodology of evaluation. In: Tyler RW, Gagne RM, Scriven M, eds. Perspectives of curriculum evaluation. Chicago, IL: Rand-McNally, pp. 39–83. Scriven M [1991]. Evaluation thesaurus. 4th ed. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Tuckman BW [1972]. Conducting educational research. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. USC. United States code. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health T I ER Delivering on the Nation’s promise: Safety and health at work for all people through research and prevention For information about other occupational safety and health concerns, call NIOSH at 1-800-35-NIOSH (1-800-356-4674) Fax number: [phone] E-mail: [e-mail] or visit the NIOSH Web site at www.cdc.gov/niosh DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 99-142 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Public Health Service • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health