The term emotional intelligence was first coined by two psychologists, Peter Salovey and John Mayer, who described it as:
a “type of social intelligence that involves the ability to monitor one’s own and other’s emotions, to discriminate among them, and to use the information to guide one’s thinking and actions” (Salovey and Mayer, 1990: 189).
Goleman (1998) presents a model of emotional intelligence comprising five domains and twenty five competencies. The five domains are self awareness, self-regulation, motivation, empathy and social skill.
The first three domains are personal. Self awareness is characterised by a deep understanding of one’s emotions, strengths and weaknesses, and an ability to accurately and honestly self-assess. Self-regulation is about the control and regulation of one’s emotions, and the ability to stay calm, clear and focused when things do not go as planned. The third domain covers the ability for self-motivation and initiative.
The last two domains are social and concern a person’s ability to manage relationships with others. Empathy involves demonstrating social awareness, for example in the ability to consider others’ feelings in the process of making intelligent decisions either on a one-to-one basis or as a group. The final domain, social skill, includes the ability to communicate, influence, collaborate and work with colleagues.
Leaders who possess aspects of emotional intelligence are likely to demonstrate effective behaviours for several reasons:
If a leader is self-aware, they may demonstrate determination, far-sightedness, and strong convictions in their beliefs (Bennis, 1989)
A leader who possesses the emotional management aspects of emotional intelligence considers the needs of others over their personal needs (Goleman, 1995) and uses emotionally expressive language and non-verbal signals associated with charismatic leaders (Salovey et al, 1993)
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