Ethical consideration must be high on the agenda in public health since epidemiological findings are socially relevant, often publically funded and the research is conducted on human subjects. As discussed previously, there are two broad types of studies in epidemiology; the observational studies which include the cross-sectional, case-control and cohort studies and the experimental study or randomized clinical trial. As a policy writer and programme designer, I am obligated to ensure that investigators and researchers obtain informed consent from their subjects, where possible, and that there is privacy and…
The purpose of the quantitative method is used when measuring the incidence of multiple views and opinions in a singular chosen sample and how it may be used in nursing practice. The quantitative method is often followed by the qualitative method, used to observe further findings. Its objective is to appraise data and conclude results from sample populations of interest. Quantitative methods highlight the importance on objective measures and numerical analysis of data gathered through questionnaires, surveys, and/or surveys. This method of researching focuses on collecting numerical information and generalizing the data across groups of individuals.…
The following are some of the ethical guidelines on human research specified by the American Psychological Association (APA) and British Psychological Society (BSP):…
Resnik, D., & 0, . (2011, May). What is Ethics in Research & Why is it Important?. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, (), . Retrieved from http://www.niehs.nih.gov/research/resources/bioethics/whatis/…
Respect for persons means that researchers must obtain voluntary informed consent from participants in the study. Informed consent is achieved when participants are given accurate information about the potential risks and treatment options available. In addition, participants should be able to freely choose to begin or stop the study at any time.(1) The Tuskegee study did not fully disclose information to the participants. They told participants they were being treated for bad blood despite the fact that they were specifically studying the effects…
The ethics written are statements which reflect our morals of society. These morals are seen as unwritten codes which exist in society determining what is acceptable or unacceptable in our society. During research, these morals are written regulations which are placed in order to ensure that individuals taking part in the research are treated how they should be treated. Codes of Conduct, or practise for health and social care professionals, do not explicitly include research but the underlying principles of professional practise would be consistent with expectations for ethical research (Mary Whitehouse:Health&Social Care, 2010). The ethical principles that underpins all research include protecting individuals, ensuring that individuals only participate voluntarily and ensuring that any personal information is kept confidential.…
The ethical issues when working with humans is that participants have the right to withdraw, not to be deceived, confidentiality, protection from physical and psychological harm and the right to be debriefed after the study.…
When we think of childhood, most of us have an image embedded in our minds of a place blessed with ceaseless joy and happiness. It’s a time in our life during which an individual is free of responsibilities but subsequently begins to learn right from wrong. Bless Me, Ultima by Ruldolfo Anaya, however, offers a differing viewpoint on childhood and adolescence; one denoted by an inauguration into adulthood and maturity. Antonio Márez, the protagonist of Bless Me, Ultima, is a six year old boy whose childhood is marked by many conflicts and events that administer a lasting impact on his life. Ruldolfo Anaya, through the character of Antonio and his brothers, presents to the reader a childhood marked by a loss of innocence and progression into adulthood through the development of moral independence, expectations from family and culture of what one has to become in the future, and development of the judgment of what is good and what is evil/or a sin. Through the culmination of these three factors, we can see how Anaya’s representation of childhood contributes to the meaning of this fine piece of literature, which is one of a transition from innocence to experience through moral independence.…
Ethics are a very important part of psychological research, not only for the researcher, but also for the participant(s). Researchers have a duty to protect the participants from any kind of harm or injury. There is not one exact definition of ethics, as there are many. In this paper I will discuss what I believe the definition of ethics to be, along with the connection between deception and ethics. Deception is also an important issue when dealing with ethics and psychological research. I will also discuss the risk/benefit ratio when related to ethics and deception. When does the risk of the experiment outweigh the benefits of it?…
Pullman, Daryl, Xikui, Wang (2001, February). Informed Consent and the Dynamics of Moral Responsibility. Adaptive Designs, Informed Consent, and the Ethics of Research, Retrieved June 2006, from http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~wangx1/CCT2001.pdf…
To keep a study ethical researchers must keep the identity of the participants confidential. The researcher must make sure the identities of the participants private to prevent any possible negative effects that may happen to them in the future. They must keep all personal information totally confidential even if it would make the conclusion; when it is published, better. This leads on to the fact that the researcher must be aware…
Fundamental to ethical research is respect for the autonomy of research participants. Autonomy refers to the right of an individual to make decisions about those things that affect them. In the context of research, participants should have the opportunity to make an informed decision about whether to participant in research or not. For consent to be valid it should be informed, it should be voluntary and the person giving consent should have the capacity to give that consent (Beauchamp and Childress,…
Although there is no average set of ethical guidelines, one must be open to discussion of them in the world of research in sociology. When experiments are carried out on humans, it is very important to respect their health and ways. Conducting research is a vital part of the inquiry model for any experiment, and in order to obtain valid results, one must have respect for the…
The Belmont Report, named after where the Commission convened at the Smithsonian Institution’s Belmont Conference Center, is the ethical Principles and Guidelines for the protection of human subjects of research. The Belmont Report attempts to summarize the basic ethical principles identified by the National Commission in the course of its deliberations for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research. The Report is a document of basic ethical principles and guidelines that should assist in resolving the ethical problems that surround the conduct of research with human…
According to Schmidt and Brown (2012), The Belmont Report is a report that outlines three major principles in relation to conducting ethical research with human subjects (p.52). One of the three principles is respect for persons. Respect for persons is saying that the human subject no what is being conducting they do not lose their rights. They always have freedom to make whatever decision they wish to make. As a nurse it is important to know this because even through a patient may be important to guiding research, they still have the right to refuse and the nurse must be on the patient’s side. The patient is the nurse’s one priority and this does not change no matter the study. When focusing on the right of the person, even if they were mentally…