Evidence on How Smoking Affects Lung Cancer. Demonstrate, in a Different Disease of Your Choice, the Cause and Effect Debate.
Castel Persilot
Midterm Case assignment
It is not difficult to guess why a representative of the tobacco industry would question a presentation that shows that smoking cigarette can cause lung cancer. But since the representative of the tobacco industry asks for evidence, it is proper that an answer be provided.
My interpretation of the evidence on how smoking affects lung cancer is based on good clinical data. They are many factors that can cause lung cancer such as radon and asbestos, people who have never smoke and people who have never been exposed to cigarette smoking can develop lung cancer, demonstrating that more than one factor can lead to the same disease, but smoking is by far the most common cause of lung cancer
Cigarette smoking can cause cancer because it contains hydrogen cyanide that is a poison when it burns. Over time it destroys the lining of the lungs and bronchial tubes and causes DNA damage that predispose to cancer. The first link between cigarette smoking and lung cancer was established in the 1950s when Richard Doll and Austin Bradford Hill recruited into a study 40,000 British doctors that were followed over 25 years. Lung cancer was 10-15 times more common in moderate smokers, and 30-40 times more common in heavy smokers than in lifelong non-smokers. Others studies in the US and Japan followed and showed with similar results.
Three factors are found to correlate strongly with lung cancer by cigarette smoking: quantity, time, age onset. The people with the highest lung cancer risks are those who smoke the most cigarettes per day, and smoke over long periods, and start smoking young. These observations agree with Hill’s criteria for causation. Strength and dose-response are met in the case of cigarette smoking. The more one smokes, the higher the risk to develop lung cancer. That is true whether the subject lives in US or Japan or China.
The first evidence from the cell biology level linking smoking to lung cancer was done in
Midterm Case assignment
It is not difficult to guess why a representative of the tobacco industry would question a presentation that shows that smoking cigarette can cause lung cancer. But since the representative of the tobacco industry asks for evidence, it is proper that an answer be provided.
My interpretation of the evidence on how smoking affects lung cancer is based on good clinical data. They are many factors that can cause lung cancer such as radon and asbestos, people who have never smoke and people who have never been exposed to cigarette smoking can develop lung cancer, demonstrating that more than one factor can lead to the same disease, but smoking is by far the most common cause of lung cancer
Cigarette smoking can cause cancer because it contains hydrogen cyanide that is a poison when it burns. Over time it destroys the lining of the lungs and bronchial tubes and causes DNA damage that predispose to cancer. The first link between cigarette smoking and lung cancer was established in the 1950s when Richard Doll and Austin Bradford Hill recruited into a study 40,000 British doctors that were followed over 25 years. Lung cancer was 10-15 times more common in moderate smokers, and 30-40 times more common in heavy smokers than in lifelong non-smokers. Others studies in the US and Japan followed and showed with similar results.
Three factors are found to correlate strongly with lung cancer by cigarette smoking: quantity, time, age onset. The people with the highest lung cancer risks are those who smoke the most cigarettes per day, and smoke over long periods, and start smoking young. These observations agree with Hill’s criteria for causation. Strength and dose-response are met in the case of cigarette smoking. The more one smokes, the higher the risk to develop lung cancer. That is true whether the subject lives in US or Japan or China.
The first evidence from the cell biology level linking smoking to lung cancer was done in