Explain Why The Septum Separates The Heart

Question Sheet B
Sharon Jackson
1. The septum separates the heart into a right and left side. If there was a hole in the septum there would be a mix of oxygen right blood and oxygen poor blood and some oxygen right blood can enter the lungs instead of the body.
2. Capillaries exchange materials with the cells of the body there veins return blood to the heart and arteries take blood away from the heart
3. The SA node, or sinoatrial node initiates the heartbeat and automatically sends out a signal every 0.85 seconds, which causes the atria to contract. The AV node, or the atrioventraicular node, receives this signal. There is a slight delay that allows the atria to finish their contraction before the ventricles begin their contraction.
4. The
myocardium is the middle muscular layer of the 3 layers of the walls of the heart.
Coronary arteries deliver oxygen and nutrients to the heart.
Systole is the contraction of the chambers of the heart.
Diastole is the relaxation of the heart.
5. Pules and blood pressure are related because they are both signs of the blood pumping through the arteries. They are different because the pulse is the measure of the heart beat and the blood pressure is a measure of the pressure of the blood against the walls of a blood vessel.
6. The pulmonary circuit circulates blood through the lungs. The systemic circuit to the body tissues, and the coronary circulation circulates blood through the heart.

7. 5 cardiovascular disorders are:
 Hypertension is when the blood moves through the arteries at a higher pressure than normal. Hypertension can cause heart attack, stroke or even kidney failure
 Atherosclerosis is the buildup of plaque in arteries causing narrowing of the blood vessels choking the oxygen supply to the tissues.
 Stroke is when a small cranial arteriole is blocked by and embolus and causes lack of oxygen to the brain causing that part of the brain to die
 Heart Attack is caused by a blocked coronary artery causing a portion of the heart muscle to die due to lack of oxygen
 Aneurysm is the ballooning of a blood vessel which can rupture and cause death.
8. Plasma is 91% water and 9% various salts and organic molecules. Plasma proteins maintain
the osmotic pressure in the blood. Salt also functions as buffers that help maintain blood pH.
9. Oxygen binds to heme in the lungs, hemoglobin assumes a slightly different shape called oxyhemoglobin. In the tissues heme gives up this oxygen and resumes its former shape called deoxyhemoglobin. The released oxygen diffuses out of the blood in to tissue fluid and into the cells. 10. Key disorders and diseases that can affect the red cells, white cells, and platelets are:
 Hemolysis which is rupturing of the red blood cells.
 Anemia which is when there is an insufficient number of red blood cells or the cells do not have enough hemoglobin.
 Hemolysis is when the red blood cell ruptures.
 Sickle Cell Disease is when the red blood cells are sickle shaped and they can rupture as they pass through the capillaries
 Severe combined immunodeficiency is when the stem cells of the white blood cells lack an enzyme, B & T lymphocytes do not develop and the body cannot fight infections.
Infectious mononucleosis is an infection of the lymphocytes by the Epstein - Barr virus.
It causes fever, sore throat, and swollen lymph glands
 Thrombocytopenia is low platelet production in the bone marrow or increased breakdown of platelets outside of the marrow.
 Hemophilia is an inherited clotting disorder that causes a deficiency in the clotting factor
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11. Granular leukocytes include neutrophils which have a multilobed nucleus. They are usually the first to respond to a bacterial infection and they are essential to overcoming and invasion to a pathogen. Eosinophils have a bilobed nucleus and are involved in the protection of the body against large parasite and also in the phagocytosis of allergens and proteins associated with inflammatory response. Basophils have a U-shaped lobed nucleus and they release histamine associated with allergic reactions.
12. Platelets in the injured tissues release the clotting factor prothrombin activator that converts prothrombin in the plasma to thrombin. Thrombin then acts as an enzyme that severs two short amino acid chains from the fibrinogen molecule. These activated fragments then join forming long threads of fibrin. Fibrin threads wind around the platelet plugging the damaged area of the blood vessel and provide the framework for the clot. Red blood cells make the clot appear red.
13. The presence or absence of the type A antigen or the type B antigen causes the ABO blood groups. The presence of or absence of the Rh factor on the red blood cell causes the Rh groups.
The blood of a type O person is different than the blood of a type AB person because type O blood lacks A & B antigens where type AB’s plasma lacks A & B antibodies.