Expository Essay

THE EXPOSITORY ESSAY
An expository essay is aimed to explain some subject by presenting a very clear and complete picture of other people’s views on this certain situation or event. It may also be in a form of a report. The main idea of any expository essay is to present a certain event or situation in detail to the reader. This essay may also be called a coalition of facts and opinions, which are free from the author’s criticism but with a deep analysis of the provided information.
An expository essay should have the same basic structure as any typical essay, with an introductory paragraph, body paragraphs, and a summary. You should still attempt to refer to the preferred T.E.E.L structure.
The introductory paragraph will contain the topic for discussion. You will then go on in your paragraphs to unpack and explain your topic. Use each paragraph to explain different elements of the topic. Be sure your topics are arranged in a complimentary order and that your overall exploration of the topic flows well. (You might explore one point of the topic over more than one paragraph, this is fine. A point per paragraph is merely a guide) Do not forget to provide evidence from reputable sources to support your points on the topic.
800-1000 words

SUGGESTTIONS: * Exploration of the forming of identity (Medical, psychological perspective) * Exploration of national identity * Exploration of identification of others (racism, prejudice, etc.) * Exploration of identification of self by association with a group.
For example – Religions - Catholic, Protestant, Muslim. Etc.
Sub Cultures –Alternative, Goth, Rockabilly, Atheism. Etc

Sample Essay on the United Nations BREAK DOWN Introduction to topic
Points being addressed – Major environmental issues and UN’s activities:
Climate change
Water
Air pollution
Land use
Waste
Conclusion

United Nations and the Environment Essay
Intro Such a huge structure as the United Nations Organization includes several subsidiary organs, which deal with different types of issues. The environmental crisis has become a vital issues nowadays the UN did not leave it unnoticed and has addressed some of the major contemporary environmental issues. It created a special program called the United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP). UNEP proclaims environment for development and is aimed to save the best that nature has given Earth.
Point 1 Every person on the planet has already felt at least some minimal influences caused by constant deterioration of the environment. The pollution of water, soil and air by various numerous chemicals has produced a terrible effect on the planet’s environment. Most of the people live under a constant threat of a cataclysm. Recent “Katrina” and “Rita” events in the United States are the best proof. Environmental pollution causes a large number of awful diseases. Even a special branch of Law –Environmental Law has been created in order to prevent “environmental violence”. Urbanization has caused the destruction of valuable forests. One of the brightest examples is the situation in the Pacific North-West. Environment has suffered from many negative influences that need to be stopped or be prevented in order to be sure that future generations will be able to survive. UNEP is the programme that does a lot for the planet in general and environment in particular. It took control over the major environmental issues such as: water, air pollution, climate change, proper land use and waste that create so much environmental troubles. The change of climate of the planet’s surface leads to the problem of greenhouse gases which “account for around 98% of the environmental pressure leading to climate change”[1]. They are: nitrous oxide (N2O), carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4). The activity of these gases leas to the Global Warming Effect, as all three of them are able to trap heat in the atmosphere. The danger lies in the Earth’s rising temperature, which makes the glaciers melt. All the energy that turns out to being the atmosphere finds a way out through natural cataclysms such as storms and others. The UNEP’s impact in the situation is great as it creates summits where countries give commitments to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. UN membership makes them to be more responsible to their commitments. UN’s primary contribution into solving this problem was the agreement signed in Kyoto in December 1997 which started to function since February 2005. The agreement states that UN countries “shall individually or jointly reduce their aggregate emissions of a “basket” of six greenhouse gases to 5% below 1990 levels by the period 2008-2012”[1]. The best solution for this problem should be non-carbon energy, which is very expensive to install but safe in use. It goes without saying that it is very hard for the countries to change their energy sources, nevertheless is should be done for the sake of the planet and future generations. People need to reduce their energy spends and be committed to sustainable consumption.

Point 2 Water is the source of life for every single being on the planet. Therefore its quality dictates the level of the well being for these beings. Water is used for practically every sphere of human life. Water pollution has become the problem that needs rapid solutions. Lack of water causes loss of the harvest and even death of people from different diseases transmitted through water such as cholera. At the present moment, 460 million people live in territories with a water flaw [2]. The situation needs to change. The wastes, which are thrown into water, produce uneducable harm. The prognosis states that water obtained from aquifers is under threat due to the fact they can possibly collapse from such an intense use. Polluted water produces food unsuitable for eating and various diseases that create an unhealthy generation. This puts public water supply under danger, too. UNEP actively participates in finding a solution for the water issue. One of the brightest examples is the “Water for the Future” project, which includes cooperative work of UN countries over the proper water use. At the moment UNEP is trying to gather the data evaluating the water assessment on the planet in order to find the best way out of the water scarcity issue. It has already analyzed the long-term water resources, the public water supply and the problem of wastewater. The best option offered it special water treatment and strict control over the water «flow». It is also possible to keep water clean with the help of special filters.
Point 3 One of the main issues of air pollution is fuel combustion. The exhaust brings a lot of chemicals to the air. These chemicals literally start dominating and it especially concerns SO2 emissions. The fuel combustion happens due to different means of transport and numerous enterprises requiring energy. Fuel combustion influences water and soil, leaving a terrible impact on the quality of oxygen and agricultural products. Agricultural products are produced by plants and therefore use oxygen for growth. As it has been mentioned the most dangerous element of fuel combustion is sulphur. And all the attempts to reduce the air pollution are concentrated in the possibility to reduce the emission of sulphur during fuel combustion and NOx produced when petroleum burns [3]. Once again UNEP’s priority is the creation of special filters and using another type of fuel. Which puts the countries in an economically unbeneficial position one more time. UN’s summits are concentrated on gathering statistics concerning this problem in order to evaluate exactly the danger and the location of primary sources of air pollution. This type of pollution strongly influences human health. The industrial activity of the countries is almost unstoppable. This is may be why UNEP has not achieved serious agreements on this term. The need to change the industrial policy frightens the countries. One contemporary way out has been offered – limiting the amount of cars per person/family and entering “bicycle” weekends. Nowadays a lot of laboratories under UNEP’s guidance work on creating natural equivalents to chemical joins.
Point 4 Proper land use means that protected areas of land and water will remain untouched and save from the human factor. This especially concerns inland waters. It is no surprise that a lot of forests are nowadays cut from the surface of the planet [4]. Forests are the source of possible salvation for the planet’s atmosphere. Forests remove the gas emissions of fuel combustions. They decontaminate the atmosphere from the pollution. Land use also implies the correct use of agricultural territories and the division between temporary crops and permanent pastures . Land use is especially important in terms of the ability to provide food for the population. UNEP has shown concern about the land issue and it was especially revealed in UNEP’s Strategy on Land Use Management and Soil Conservation and UNEP Programme on Success in Land Degradation and Desertification along with GPA (Global Programme of Action). All this measures of collective control over the land use have already leaded to certain results. UNEP has made an impact in community participation in the proper land use process. Farmers started to use fewer pesticides and nitrates, which penetrate soil, while growing agricultural products, which leave the soil fertile and the population healthy. UNEP works on making the countries realize the further harm and even danger of incorrect land usage. The 2005 September summit has raised the land use issue and the discussion resulted in the agreement of further cooperation.

Point 5 UNEP gives special attention to the problem of commercial and industrial waste, which has the worst impact on the enviroment development. Waste cause water and soil pollution because even if the waste is stored it may still a runout to the external enviroment. When a lot of waste is kept together and especially for a long period of time contamination may occur as often some kind of soil infection appears. The process of decomposition of the waste is also very dangerous for the health of people due to the existance of different harmful gases. According to the UNEP statistics division waste can also cause uncontrolled fires. One of the best solutions is an over-organized recycling system, which is to include all types of materials not only paper or plastic. UNEP has proclaimed the start of a sustainable consumption company that will start the new era of waste reduction, especially when it goes about municipal waste. The 1898 Basel convention came to the conclusion to remove waste from “environmental” UN countries to the third-world countries. This decision nowadays seems to be unethical as each country has a right to live in clean enviroment and hazardous wastes influence the planet no matter where they are. One of the best solutions offered by UNEP was the prohibition to found an industrial company that is unable to cover the expenses connected with the waste-issue and the limitation of the number of companies producing wastes and especially those that need to transport waste.

Conclusion The contemporary enviroment is very weak and need help promptly. One of the keys to solve this problem is to act together. The United Nations Organizations in general and the United Nations Environmental Programme in particular have contributed a lot to the enviroment improvement process. The problem of environmental pollution and the necessity to create new ways out of harsh environmental crisis the planet is in have united many countries under UNEP. UNEP has performed such projects as the CARICOM project, the ESCWA project and the ECOWAS project. All of these projects present environmental data about different regions of different countries. The planet’s enviroment has suffered some serious changes and most of them are very dangerous. This is the reason UNEP’s interference into the course of event is simply necessary. UN includes all the most powerful counties in the world and it is them who need to think over new ways of prevention of further environmental pollution. The enviroment of the planet is its future and the future of the humanity. UNEP provide the example for the rest of the countries of what measures need to be taken in order to reduce the hazardous wastes and keep the planet’s water suitable for drinking and soil for growing crops. UNEP has made a great contribution and owing to its summits a lot of positive environmental projects were held. Un addresses a lot of environmental issues, but still there still exist a lot of problems to work on in order to preserve the planet for future population.

Sample Essay on Effects of alcohol on the human body
BREAK DOWN Introduction to topic
Points being addressed – Alcohol abuse and possible outcomes
Changes in the human organism
Physical change
Mental changes
Conclusion

Effects of alcohol on the human body Essay
Intro
Humanity has always yielded to the pressure of different chemical substances that eventually caused it irreparable damage. Finding the “cure” from the damage obtained was the next step. And it seems that only now, when the number of the diseases caused by different substances has reached its peak, people have finally understood that the best “cure” is the prevention of any forms of substance abuse. Alcohol is not the last one in the list of these destructive substances. It is the “companion” of any significant event occurring in the life of modern people or even an everyday way to relax and get away from all the difficulties. People relax and forget that they are supposed to think not only about their health but also about the health of the people around them. This especially concerns women, as they are the ones to deliver the next generation into the world. A woman’s organism is a lot more influenced by any external chemical influences and alcohol becoming woman’s frequent “companion” becomes a real threat for the health of the nation. The contemporary medical world is very much concerned with the female alcohol abuse phenomenon and the appearance of a group of inclinations that both female and male abusers experience. Alcohol abuse is the giant problem, which needs to be fixed desperately. It is very important to understand its nature and the possible effects that it can make to the human body.
Point 1
The “disabilities” caused by alcohol last a lifetime and therefore completely change the life of any person and those people who will take care of him. Some people start being exposed to alcohol during their fetal development and therefore suffer throughout their whole lives sometimes not even having a small hope to find their places in the world and not being even “comparatively” independent. They cannot concentrate, talk too much and are not capable of making proper decisions. Such people are completely helpless and unprotected. The outcomes of alcohol abuse for the body are severe. Alcohol or sometimes called ethanol is a volatile liquid can easily burn oxidizes and is composed of oxygen, hydrogen and carbon, having the formula of C2H5OH. Alcohol influenced the whole human body, even including the central nervous system and the brain of a man.
After the process of drinking alcohol people start feeling pleasure and more open to the outer world. Nevertheless, even though the person feels comfortable and more self-confident the most dangerous thing is often forgotten – alcohol’s side effects. If a person drinks large amounts of alcohol in a very small period of time it may result in the person’s brain being suppressed by the chemicals and lead toa fatality. If the amount of alcohol in a human body is exceeding a person can die in his sleep, because the body will not have enough resources to cope with the suppression. It is also extremely dangerous to combine alcohol with other chemical substances.
Point 2
The changes that occur in the human organism for the reason of alcohol abuse are terrible. The whole body is damaged and the person stops being able to either move and think properly. The effect of alcohol throughout the period of human’s life is immense and even the lesser amount of alcohol may cause some changes. These destructive processes, which occur inside the organism, cause irreparable damage that it made on the genetic level. Even “social drinking” causes changes in intellectual and behavior activity of children [2]. Heavy abuse, causing disorders has nowadays become unbelievably widespread. All this changes throughout the period the development of the alcohol dependency cause mental disabilities and severe changes in the human body.
Very often it is said that alcohol heavy drinkers look the same. This happens because in the first place all of them experience problems with their skin. As the vessels of the skin widen, the blood flow to the person’s face become more intensive. This is the reason people who drink alcohol have a flushed skin color and constantly feel that they are hot. Alcohol also often causes serious weight problem. As a fact, alcohol prevents people from consuming healthy food on a regular basis and it direct influences the heart of a drinker. This is one of the primary reasons why people who prefer to drink alcohol can experience a heart failure. Another part of the body that is directly damaged by alcohol is the liver. This is primarily due to the fact that it is liver that works the most to “clean” the organism from the chemicals in alcohol. When alcohol get to the blood of a person rather often, the blood in its turn damages the process of functioning of the liver cells and some of them start dying. The majority of people do not keep in mind the fact that even a one-time alcohol abuse makes the liver cells die, but it is the body of the person, who is not an alcohol heavy drinker, still has time to recuperate from the damage. In case the person drinks alcohol on a regular base the liver becomes weaker and weaker from day to day.
Point 3
One other important physical sphere that is seriously damaged is the reproductive system of a human body. The reason of this type of dysfunction is that alcohol deprives the impulses that the nerves pass, and especially those that cause ability to erect, as for men. Women alcohol abuse it on of the first to be prevented as the fetus changes negatively and a lot of disabled children are born into to the world. Females metabolize alcohol very quickly and this is the primary cause of their necessity to abstain from alcohol. The fetus is already in high danger of obtaining FAS if the pregnant female consumes around 3 ounces of pure alcohol per day 1[1]. Alcohol does not need to make much efforts to cross the placenta and therefore to enter the fetus’s organism. Alcohol may cause spasm of placenta vessels and the umbilical cord. This leads to the oxygen “starvation” of the fetus. As the amount of zinc in the cells is rapidly reduced their growth and development is damaged. Through these effects alcohol causes changes called “mutations” in the DNA of the fetus cells. In its turn, the mutation of DNA in the fetus cells leads to pathologies of the development of different organs and tissues [6].
Alcohol also influences the person’s ability to perceive sounds and the direction they are coming out from. The taste and smell are lost and the speech becomes unclear. As alcohol constantly burns the throat of the drinker in may result in severe pain, vomiting and even cancer. The body itself starts being very weak, the muscles suffer from atrophy, pain and spasms. If a person constantly abuses alcohol it will eventually lead to a set of permanent transformations in the brain morphology. One of the most significant transformations concerns the reduction of the total amount of brain tissue and the growing size of the ventricles. The basic reason the body stops being able to produce brain tissue to cope with the chemical is because it lacks natural vitamins that a healthy body produces. Another reason because the body is deprived of vitamins is that alcohol abusers often experience a problem of systematic eating and do not consume food at the required time, making the body weak and unable to resist the alcohol effects. As the brain of a person under alcohol dependency does not have enough vitamins it turns out to be the first step to the beginning of mental retardation.
Point 4
What happens to a person is that he completely losses the ability to control his behavior, his judgments become illogical and his ability to concentrate decreases tremendously. It is common fact that alcohol very often is a “companion” of crimes for the listed reason, as the inability to control the behavior results in extreme mood swings and emotional outbursts. Alcohol does not let the brain properly control the manifestations of the body, as the central nervous system becomes damaged through the depression of the nerve cells in the brain. The cells cannot respond to the impulses and a group of body function failures appear: anesthesia, respiratory failure, coma and death. As alcohol destroys the central nervous system the drinker experiences impaired visual abilities, loss of pain perception, slow reactions, impaired motor skills, altered perception of time and space and many others.
Conclusion
The consumption of alcohol beverages has strongly entered the tradition of celebration any significant events in the life of people. Anybody can hardly imagine celebrating Christmas or a birthday without a gulp of champagne. Seemingly, there is nothing bad in that and nothing bad can happen after a gulp of champagne or a gulp during a routine “social drinking”. But the reality is cruel… Therefore even small doses of alcohol can do harm to a the human body. Most people do not understand the consequences alcohol abuse can have of their health nevertheless the abuse occurs primarily because people do not know the destructive power of alcohol. The consequences of the alcohol abuse do not decrease with time, though specific manifestations change when doses of drinking become smaller. These factors prevent people from proper social adaptation and therefore make their life incomplete. Social impracticability of people suffering from the alcohol abuse is one of major problems of the contemporary medical society. And the only way to solve this problem is to prevent people from drinking alcohol in any amounts. There is no cure a better than alcohol abstention!