HISTORY OF FRATERNITY
https://www.studentaffairs.cmu.edu/student-life/greek/about/history/index.html
Social Fraternities and Sororities - History, Characteristics of Fraternities and Sororities, Reforms and Renewal
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The American college Greek-letter societies, consisting of fraternities and sororities, remain a popular form of association for students on college campuses in the early twenty-first century. Known as the oldest form of student self-governance in the American system of higher education and called perhaps the clearest example of a student subculture, fraternities and sororities have been a force on college campuses since 1825. The fraternity or sorority ideal cherishes and embraces all of the characteristics of a campus subculture: residential proximity through the chapter house, transmission of norms and values to the membership in a concrete and systematic way, a history of longevity, and social control for conformity. Artifacts, symbols, rituals, and shared assumptions and beliefs add significantly to the shared initiatives of scholarship, leadership development, service to others, and fellowship among members.
History
The American fraternity traces its genesis to the emergence of literary societies in the late eighteenth century. Debating and literary societies, whose names evoked memories of ancient Greece, emerged as purveyors of forensics, but their main contribution was that they were primary social clubs contrasting with the bleak campus dormitories. The elaborate lounges and private libraries they maintained outstripped those operated by colleges. As quickly as the literary societies filled the curriculum vacuum of the early college student, the fraternity emerged to fill the social needs of the more independent college students.
The need for a distinct counterpart for women became
Bibliography: ASTIN, ALEXANDER W. 1977. Four Critical Years. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. ASTON, JACK L., and MARCHESANI, ROBERT F., eds. 1991. Baird 's Manual of American College Fraternities, 20th edition. Indianapolis, IN: Baird 's Manual Foundation. HOROWITZ, HELEN L. 1987. Campus Life: Undergraduate Cultures from the End of the Eighteenth Century to the Present. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. NATIONAL PANHELLENIC CONFERENCE. 2000. Annual Report. Indianapolis, IN: National Panhellenic Conference. NUWER, HANK. 1990. Broken Pledges: The Deadly Rite of Hazing. Atlanta, GA: Longstreet Press. RUDOLPH, FREDERICK. 1962. The American College and University: A History. New York: Knopf.