How Did The Cold War Affect The Political Development Of European Nations
3. Analyze the ways in which the cold war affected the political development of European nations from the end of the Second World War in 1945 to the construction of the Berlin wall in 1961.
From 1945 to 1961, the cold war affected the political development of European nations by causing the formation of the Iron Curtain, which was the division of a free, democratic West and a totalitarian East. Socially, NATO and the COMECON were established, which formed the west and east into different blocs. Politically, the soviet assertion of dominance in Eastern Europe gained momentum in Eastern Europe and economically, Germany was separated into two separate states.
Socially
-NATO= North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Included Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, France, Britain, Italy, Denmark, Norway, Portugal, Iceland, Greece, Turkey, West Germany, Canada and the US. This agreement committed its members to mutual assistance is anyone was attacked and transformed the West into a bloc. NATO also provided …show more content…
cooperation in economic and military matters.
-COMECON=Council of Mutual Assistance. Alliance system between the Eastern European states under the rule of the Soviet Union to integrate their economies. It was controlled by local communist parties from Moscow and the Warsaw Pact gave formal recognition to this system. This divided Eastern Europe into a bloc.
Politically
-The Soviets found numerous supporters in Eastern Europe among those segments of the population that had opposed the right wing movements in those countries before the war. Stalin then formed the Cominform, the Communist Information Bureau that was dedicated to spread revolutionary communism all over the world. This also ended the era of the popular front, which was when noncommunists tried to cooperate with communist parties. The communists also expelled the democratic members of the coalition government. Czechoslovakia was then brought under Soviet control and it was then clear that there would be no multiparty political party in Eastern Europe. Then, the Soviets required other Eastern European governments to impose Stalinist policies which included one party political systems, collectivization of agriculture and close military cooperation with the Soviet Union.
Economically
-The Allies had never decided how to treat Germany after WW2, but then the Soviets dismantled German industry in the eastern zone, but the Americans differed in the west zone. The US wanted to make Germany self sufficient, which meant restoring its industrial capacity. However, the Soviets thought that the restoration of an industrial Germany was frightening. West Germany was then known as the German Federal Republic and east Germany became the German Democratic Republic. There was also the Berlin Blockade which was when was when the Soviets feared the circulation of the currency in Berlin, which was on their side but still governed by the four powers. The Soviets then sealed Berlin off by closing all the railroads and highways that lead from Berlin to West Berlin. This was done because the Soviets wanted to drive western powers out of Berlin.
2. From the end of the Second World War through 1989, resistance to soviet authority in the Eastern bloc increased to a large extent in Poland, Hungary and Czechoslovakia. In Poland, both the anti-communism polish pope and the emergence of Solidarity were sure signs that the Soviet Union was losing influence in its satellite countries. In Hungary, the Hungarian Communist Party installed a new government headed by Imre Nagy, who sought greater independence and appealed to noncommunist groups for support. In Czechoslovakia, a more liberal communist was forming, that directly challenged intellectual rights in the Soviet Union, which provoked the Brezhnev Doctrine.
In Poland, Karol Wojtyla, a polish cardinal archbishop spoke out again communism. When he became pope, he proved to be very influencial in Poland, and now an opponent of communism held a very high position in government, with enormous visibility well beyond the reach of communist control. He was very influencial, and upon returning to his homeland in 1979, he received a very tumultuous welcome. This meant that Soviet communism, and therefore control of Poland as its Satellite state was going downhill. Also, the government imposed higher meat prices, in response to which workers formed a union and got it legalized. This now legal Solidarity was taking over Poland specially when Jaruzelski allowed free elections.
In Hungary, Nagy demanded so much from the Soviet Union, that he was almost rejecting their authority.
He wanted the Soviets to withdraw their troops from Hungary, and even urged Hungary to leave the Warsaw pact. The Warsaw pact being a direct product of Soviet rule, seemed to be a key element in defining a “Soviet satellite.” The fact that he wanted Hungary to become a soviet state showed how much they intended to resist Soviet authority, to which these demands were wholly unacceptable.
In Czechoslovakia, Alexander Dubcek began to experiment with a more liberal communism. He expanded freedom of discussion and other intellectual rights, when they were being suppressed in the Soviet Union. The crime against soviet ideology was such that they invaded Czechoslovakia and adjusted the communism more to their liking. This resulted in the Brezhnev Doctrine, which declared the right of the Soviet Union to interfere in the domestic policies of other communist
countries.
compare and contrast the extent to which Catherine the Great and Joseph Stalin were “Westernizers.”
stalin
Used much state coercion and terror
Helped Russia gain economic growth during the 1930's at the cost of millions of lives degraded millions more
Lenis's NEP charted economic growth so he was very communist and over shadowed all economic happenings
Government permitted private ownership and enterprise in the countryside to ensure adequate food supply for workers in the cities
In 1927 the party congress pushed for rapid industrialization
Stalin believed in Socialism in one country which was like colonialism where the soviet union would overtake the productive capacity of capitalism nations and thus protect itself against capitalist enemies.
Stalin's organizational structure for industrialization was a series of five-year plans
The Sate planning commission or gosplan oversaw the program
Communist party undertook a vast program or propaganda to sell their five year plans tot he russian people and elicit their cooperation.
Under the NEP a few farmers the kulaks had become wealthy and withheld grain from the market
Stalin the collectivized agriculture to produce enough grain for food and export
Catherine the great
Read books of the philosophes
Did not depart from absolutism guaranteed the nobles many rights and privileges
Attempted to suppress internal barriers to trade expanded urban middle class of Russia had at the end of her rule censorship the media
From 1945 to 1961, the cold war affected the political development of European nations by causing the formation of the Iron Curtain, which was the division of a free, democratic West and a totalitarian East. Socially, NATO and the COMECON were established, which formed the west and east into different blocs. Politically, the soviet assertion of dominance in Eastern Europe gained momentum in Eastern Europe and economically, Germany was separated into two separate states.
Socially
-NATO= North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Included Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, France, Britain, Italy, Denmark, Norway, Portugal, Iceland, Greece, Turkey, West Germany, Canada and the US. This agreement committed its members to mutual assistance is anyone was attacked and transformed the West into a bloc. NATO also provided …show more content…
cooperation in economic and military matters.
-COMECON=Council of Mutual Assistance. Alliance system between the Eastern European states under the rule of the Soviet Union to integrate their economies. It was controlled by local communist parties from Moscow and the Warsaw Pact gave formal recognition to this system. This divided Eastern Europe into a bloc.
Politically
-The Soviets found numerous supporters in Eastern Europe among those segments of the population that had opposed the right wing movements in those countries before the war. Stalin then formed the Cominform, the Communist Information Bureau that was dedicated to spread revolutionary communism all over the world. This also ended the era of the popular front, which was when noncommunists tried to cooperate with communist parties. The communists also expelled the democratic members of the coalition government. Czechoslovakia was then brought under Soviet control and it was then clear that there would be no multiparty political party in Eastern Europe. Then, the Soviets required other Eastern European governments to impose Stalinist policies which included one party political systems, collectivization of agriculture and close military cooperation with the Soviet Union.
Economically
-The Allies had never decided how to treat Germany after WW2, but then the Soviets dismantled German industry in the eastern zone, but the Americans differed in the west zone. The US wanted to make Germany self sufficient, which meant restoring its industrial capacity. However, the Soviets thought that the restoration of an industrial Germany was frightening. West Germany was then known as the German Federal Republic and east Germany became the German Democratic Republic. There was also the Berlin Blockade which was when was when the Soviets feared the circulation of the currency in Berlin, which was on their side but still governed by the four powers. The Soviets then sealed Berlin off by closing all the railroads and highways that lead from Berlin to West Berlin. This was done because the Soviets wanted to drive western powers out of Berlin.
2. From the end of the Second World War through 1989, resistance to soviet authority in the Eastern bloc increased to a large extent in Poland, Hungary and Czechoslovakia. In Poland, both the anti-communism polish pope and the emergence of Solidarity were sure signs that the Soviet Union was losing influence in its satellite countries. In Hungary, the Hungarian Communist Party installed a new government headed by Imre Nagy, who sought greater independence and appealed to noncommunist groups for support. In Czechoslovakia, a more liberal communist was forming, that directly challenged intellectual rights in the Soviet Union, which provoked the Brezhnev Doctrine.
In Poland, Karol Wojtyla, a polish cardinal archbishop spoke out again communism. When he became pope, he proved to be very influencial in Poland, and now an opponent of communism held a very high position in government, with enormous visibility well beyond the reach of communist control. He was very influencial, and upon returning to his homeland in 1979, he received a very tumultuous welcome. This meant that Soviet communism, and therefore control of Poland as its Satellite state was going downhill. Also, the government imposed higher meat prices, in response to which workers formed a union and got it legalized. This now legal Solidarity was taking over Poland specially when Jaruzelski allowed free elections.
In Hungary, Nagy demanded so much from the Soviet Union, that he was almost rejecting their authority.
He wanted the Soviets to withdraw their troops from Hungary, and even urged Hungary to leave the Warsaw pact. The Warsaw pact being a direct product of Soviet rule, seemed to be a key element in defining a “Soviet satellite.” The fact that he wanted Hungary to become a soviet state showed how much they intended to resist Soviet authority, to which these demands were wholly unacceptable.
In Czechoslovakia, Alexander Dubcek began to experiment with a more liberal communism. He expanded freedom of discussion and other intellectual rights, when they were being suppressed in the Soviet Union. The crime against soviet ideology was such that they invaded Czechoslovakia and adjusted the communism more to their liking. This resulted in the Brezhnev Doctrine, which declared the right of the Soviet Union to interfere in the domestic policies of other communist
countries.
compare and contrast the extent to which Catherine the Great and Joseph Stalin were “Westernizers.”
stalin
Used much state coercion and terror
Helped Russia gain economic growth during the 1930's at the cost of millions of lives degraded millions more
Lenis's NEP charted economic growth so he was very communist and over shadowed all economic happenings
Government permitted private ownership and enterprise in the countryside to ensure adequate food supply for workers in the cities
In 1927 the party congress pushed for rapid industrialization
Stalin believed in Socialism in one country which was like colonialism where the soviet union would overtake the productive capacity of capitalism nations and thus protect itself against capitalist enemies.
Stalin's organizational structure for industrialization was a series of five-year plans
The Sate planning commission or gosplan oversaw the program
Communist party undertook a vast program or propaganda to sell their five year plans tot he russian people and elicit their cooperation.
Under the NEP a few farmers the kulaks had become wealthy and withheld grain from the market
Stalin the collectivized agriculture to produce enough grain for food and export
Catherine the great
Read books of the philosophes
Did not depart from absolutism guaranteed the nobles many rights and privileges
Attempted to suppress internal barriers to trade expanded urban middle class of Russia had at the end of her rule censorship the media