Human Development Outline

Topic: Human Development

What is Human Development? * Process of a life span from a single cell through late adulthood and is influenced by the interaction of hereditary and environment

I. Periods of Life Span Development
What is Life Span Development? * In this contemporary time is referred to as the numbers of periods in the life cycle.

a. Parental Period * Starts from conception of birth

b. Newborn * They could never survive on their own however; they are far from being completely inert and passive.

c. Infancy * Extends from birth to eighteen to twenty four months or two years.

d. Motor Development * Of infant at an average of 0-2 months is seen with his head turning to the directions
of the touch. * Age of 3-4 months, the baby lifts chest, holds erect, reaches for an object and sits with support. * Age of 5-6 months the infant can hold head steadily.
* Age of 7-8 months they sit alone and get into sitting position * Age of 9-10 months tey can stand with help and can crawl. * 11-12 months they can pull self to a standing position and walk with support

e. Cognitive Development * 0-2 months they prefer looking at faces, like familiar sounds, and are interest in novelty that they track where things are * 3-4 months they are interested in recognizing different faces and details of objects * 5-6 months starts to develop depth perception and understand object identity * 7-8 months they can recall a familiar face, understand some words at 9-10 months * 11-12 months the can utter first meaningful words

f. Emotionally * 0-2 months they can intimate adult facial expressions and cries when distressed * 3-4 months maybe distressed by objects that are too unfamiliar * 5-6 months shows apparent fear, and facial expressions of anger may appear in response to frustration especially when they are not fed * 7-8 months shows their first signs of stress and anxiety to separation * 11-12 months shows sadness upon loss of an attachment figure like the mother or
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g. Early Childhood * Referred to as the preschool years because the child prepares for formal schooling especially at age of six years.

h. Late Childhood * Usually recognized as extending from about six to twelve years of age

i. Puberty * Period in the development of man at which the individual s physically capable of sexual reproduction

j. Adolescence * Regard this period as beginning – when children become sexually mature – and ending when they reach the age of maturity

k. Adulthood * They move from a period of exploration to one of stabilization

l.
Early Childhood * Stage of development between nineteen and thirty five years and is characterized by a peak of physical performance and health

m. Middle Childhood * Phase of the life cycle from approximately thirty five to sixty-five years

n. Late Childhood or Senescence * Lasts from approximately sixty-five to eighty years of age until death

II. Theories of Human Development

A. Theory of Psychosexual Stages of Human Development
Father of Psychoanalysis, believed that all human beings pass through a series of psychosexual stages.

Psychosexual Stages
• Oral Stage (first year of life) * Infant’s need for gratification from a mother

* Anal Stage (second to third year of life) * Toddlers need for gratification along the rectal area
• Phallic stage (fourth to fifth year of life) * Preschooler’s gratification involving the genitals
• Latency stage (sixth year of life to puberty) * Sexual desires are repressed and all the child’s availale libido is channeled into socially acceptable outlets
• Genial Stage (from puberty onwards) * Characterized by the maturation of the reproductive
system

B. Theory of Psychosocial Development
Erik Erickson was chiefly concerned with psychosocial development. According to him, individuals develop a “healthy personality” by mastering “life’s outer and inner dangers.”

Psychosocial Stages
• Trust vs. Mistrust (birth to 1 year)
• Autonomy vs. Shame and doubt (2 to 3 years)
•Initiative vs. guilt (4 to 5 years)
• Industry vs. inferiority (6 to 11 years)
•Identity vs. Role Confusion (12 to 18 years)
• Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young adulthood)
• Generativity vs. stagnation (middle adulthood)
• Integrity vs. despair (Old age)

C. Cognitive Development Theory
Jean Piaget presents the intellectual development into four major periods.

Cognitive Stages • Sensorimotor Stage (Birth – Two Years) * Determined basically on actual perception of the senses and the evternal or physical factors.
• Intuitive or Preoperational Stage (Two – Seven Years) * Increases the ability to store words and language structures.
• Concrete Operational Stage (Seven – Eleven Years) * Logical thinking in relation to functions
• Formal Operational Sage (Eleven and Above) * This stage is characterized by hypothesis testing.

D. Moral Development Theory
Lawrence Kohlberg worked on the understanding of moral development. He developed the description of the three levels and six stages of moral development.

Moral Development Stages •Preconventional: Stages I and II * Behavior is based on obedience and moral understanding, obedience to powerful superior to avoid the fear of physical punishment.
• Conventional: Stages III and IV * This is to please everyone by conforming to social roles. * It follows traditional norms of a particular society where one lives.

•Postconventional: Stages V and VI * This standardized and structured principle is used a basis in solving dilemmas and conflicts. * This stage understands human complexity and individuality, that there is no easy solution in overcoming human problems and moral considerations.