Industrial Revolution Research Paper

The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes that occurred in the period from about 1760 to some time between 1820 and 1840. This transition included going from hand production methods to machines, new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes, improved efficiency of water power, the increasing use of steam power and development of machine tools. The transition also included the change from wood and other bio-fuels to coal. The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain and within a few decades had spread to Western Europe and the United States.

The commencement of the Industrial Revolution is closely linked to a small number of innovations,[16] beginning in the second half of the 18th century. By the 1830s the following gains had been made in important technologies: * Textiles – Mechanized cotton spinning powered by steam or water increased the output of a worker by a factor of about 1000. The power loom increased the output of a worker by a factor of over 40.[17] The cotton gin increased productivity or removing seed from cotton by a factor of 50.[11]Large gains in productivity also occurred in spinning and weaving of wool and linen, but they were not as great as in cotton. * Steam power – The efficiency of steam engines increased so that they used between one-fifth and
one-tenth as much fuel. The adaption of stationary steam engines to rotary motion made them suitable for industrial uses. The high pressure engine had a high power to weight ratio, making it suitable for transportation. Steam power underwent a rapid expansion after 1800. * Iron making – The substitution of coke for charcoal greatly lowered the fuel cost of pig iron and wrought iron production.[19] Using coke also allowed larger blast furnaces,[20][21] resulting in economies of scale.
The cast iron blowing cylinder was first used in 1760. It was later improved by making it double acting, which allowed higher furnace temperatures. The puddling process produced a structural grade iron at a lower cost than the previous processes.[22] The rolling mill was fifteen times faster than hammering wrought iron.[22] Hot blast (1829) greatly increased fuel efficiency in iron production in the following
decades.

In linguistics, a suffix (also sometimes called a postfix or ending) is an affix which is placed after the stem of a word. Common examples are case endings, which indicate the grammatical case of nouns or adjectives, and verb endings, which form the conjugation of verbs.
A prefix is an affix which is placed before the stem of a word
An infix is an affix inserted inside a word stem (an existing word). It contrasts with adfix, a rare term for an affix attached to the end of a stem, such as a prefix or suffix.
When marking text for interlinear glossing, most affixes are separated with a hyphen, but infixes are separated with ⟨angle brackets⟩.
An affix is a morpheme that is attached to a word stem to form a new word. Affixes may be derivational, like English -ness and pre-, or inflectional, like English plural -s and past tense -ed. They are bound morphemes by definition; prefixes and suffixes may be separable affixes.