INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, we would like to say thanks to God, for giving me the strength and health to do this project work until it done. Not forgotten to our family for providing everything, such as money, to buy anything that are related to this project work and their advise, which is the most needed for this project, Internet, books, computers and all that as our source to complete this project. They also supported us and encouraged us to complete this task so that we will not procrastinate in doing it.
Then we would like to thank our lecturer, Prof Yusof for guiding us and throughout this project. We had some difficulties in doing this task, but he taught us patiently until we knew what to do. He tried to teach us until we understand what we supposed to do with the project work.
Last but not least, group members who were doing this project together and sharing their ideas. They were helpful that when we combined and discussed together, we had this task done successfully.
INTRODUCTION Many modern drugs are available for uses today in market are obtained from many sources such as:
Drugs of natural origins
Drugs from chemical processes
Drugs from biotechnological processes
CLASSIFICATION OF DRUG SOURCES
Natural sources of drugs
Plants origins
Plants are biosynthetic laboratory for a multitude of chemical compounds such as glycosides, alkaloids, steroids. The active ingredients might be found in any part (or all parts) of the plant from leaves, root, bark, seeds, fruits, flowers, etc.
Animals origins
Animal organs, tissues, fluids and other animal derivatives can be used to obtain active ingredients. For example:
Beef and pork pancreas are the source of the natural insulin sold today
Vesicular extracts from sheep and bulls are used to yield prostaglandins
Microbiological origins
Microbial metabolites used as drugs, especially the antibiotics and anti-neoplastic agents are produced by fermentation. For
First of all, we would like to say thanks to God, for giving me the strength and health to do this project work until it done. Not forgotten to our family for providing everything, such as money, to buy anything that are related to this project work and their advise, which is the most needed for this project, Internet, books, computers and all that as our source to complete this project. They also supported us and encouraged us to complete this task so that we will not procrastinate in doing it.
Then we would like to thank our lecturer, Prof Yusof for guiding us and throughout this project. We had some difficulties in doing this task, but he taught us patiently until we knew what to do. He tried to teach us until we understand what we supposed to do with the project work.
Last but not least, group members who were doing this project together and sharing their ideas. They were helpful that when we combined and discussed together, we had this task done successfully.
INTRODUCTION Many modern drugs are available for uses today in market are obtained from many sources such as:
Drugs of natural origins
Drugs from chemical processes
Drugs from biotechnological processes
CLASSIFICATION OF DRUG SOURCES
Natural sources of drugs
Plants origins
Plants are biosynthetic laboratory for a multitude of chemical compounds such as glycosides, alkaloids, steroids. The active ingredients might be found in any part (or all parts) of the plant from leaves, root, bark, seeds, fruits, flowers, etc.
Animals origins
Animal organs, tissues, fluids and other animal derivatives can be used to obtain active ingredients. For example:
Beef and pork pancreas are the source of the natural insulin sold today
Vesicular extracts from sheep and bulls are used to yield prostaglandins
Microbiological origins
Microbial metabolites used as drugs, especially the antibiotics and anti-neoplastic agents are produced by fermentation. For
References: British Pharmaceutical Codex !973 British Pharmacopeia www.mims.com www.drugbank.com http://www.mcieast.marines.mil/Portals/33/Documents/Safety/Abuse/DrugSchedules.pdf http://chemistry.about.com/library/weekly/aa061403a.htm http://www.rain-tree.com/plantdrugs.htm#.Uo2S58Rd93c http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2700615/