Investigatory Project
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I am greatly thankful for the cooperation and help from school authorities and the Chemistry
lab stafffor the successful completion of
thisinvestigatory project in the Kendriya
Vidyalaya s ChemistryLab. Without their help and proper guidance my project might not have completed. Index
1. Introduction 2. Theory 3. Objectives of project 4. Experiment 1 5. Experiment 2
Theory
Evaporation is the process whereby
atoms or molecules in a liquid state gain sufficient energy to enter the gaseous state. The thermal motion of a molecule must be sufficient to overcome the surface tension of the liquid in order for it to evaporate, that is, its kinetic energy must exceed the work function of cohesion the surface. Evaporation therefore proceeds more quickly at higher temperature and in liquids with lower surface tension. Since only a small proportion of the molecules areLocated near the surface and are moving in the proper direction to escape at any given instant, the rate
of evaporation is limited. Also, as the faster-moving molecules escape, the remaining molecules have lower average kinetic energy, and the temperature of the liquid thus decreases. If the evaporation takes place in a closed vessel, the escaping molecules accumulate as a vapor above the liquid. Many of the molecules return to the liquid, with returning molecules becoming more frequent as the density and pressure of the vapor increases. When the process of escape and return reaches equilibrium, the vapor is said
to be "saturated and no further change in either vapor pressure and density or liquid temperature will occur. Gas has less order than liquid or solid matter, and thus the entropy of the system is increased, which always requires energy input. This means that the entropy change for evaporation ( H) is always positive. Forced evaporation is a process used in the separation of mixtures, in which a mixture is heated to drive off the more volatile component (e.g. water), Leaving
I am greatly thankful for the cooperation and help from school authorities and the Chemistry
lab stafffor the successful completion of
thisinvestigatory project in the Kendriya
Vidyalaya s ChemistryLab. Without their help and proper guidance my project might not have completed. Index
1. Introduction 2. Theory 3. Objectives of project 4. Experiment 1 5. Experiment 2
Theory
Evaporation is the process whereby
atoms or molecules in a liquid state gain sufficient energy to enter the gaseous state. The thermal motion of a molecule must be sufficient to overcome the surface tension of the liquid in order for it to evaporate, that is, its kinetic energy must exceed the work function of cohesion the surface. Evaporation therefore proceeds more quickly at higher temperature and in liquids with lower surface tension. Since only a small proportion of the molecules areLocated near the surface and are moving in the proper direction to escape at any given instant, the rate
of evaporation is limited. Also, as the faster-moving molecules escape, the remaining molecules have lower average kinetic energy, and the temperature of the liquid thus decreases. If the evaporation takes place in a closed vessel, the escaping molecules accumulate as a vapor above the liquid. Many of the molecules return to the liquid, with returning molecules becoming more frequent as the density and pressure of the vapor increases. When the process of escape and return reaches equilibrium, the vapor is said
to be "saturated and no further change in either vapor pressure and density or liquid temperature will occur. Gas has less order than liquid or solid matter, and thus the entropy of the system is increased, which always requires energy input. This means that the entropy change for evaporation ( H) is always positive. Forced evaporation is a process used in the separation of mixtures, in which a mixture is heated to drive off the more volatile component (e.g. water), Leaving